Amphibia And Reptiles

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Eespiration is effected by lungs ; and gills are entirely absent, even during embryonic life. 15. Lateral sense-organs are absent. I 16. The kidneys have no nephrostomes. Each kidney has one separate ureter.
17. There is always a typical cloaca. 1 18. The eggs are meroblastic.
19. Fertilisation is internal, and is effected, with the single exception of Sphenodon, by means of male copulatory organs. --* 20. An amnion and an allantois are formed during development.
Numbers 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16,
...18, 20 separate the Eeptiles from the Amphibia. Cf. Also pp. 4 and 5. Numbers 9 (6), 10, 12, and 13 separate them from the Birds and Mammals. Numbers 3, 8, and 1 1 separate them from the Mammals.
The evolution of the classification of the Reptiles has to a certain extent been already treated on pp. 7-9. For a long time only Chelonia or Tortoises. Ophidia or Snakes, and Saurii were recognised as their principal divisions. Then the Crocodiles were separated from the Lizards ; later the Coeciliae were removed from the Snakes and referred to the Amphibia, vii CHARACTERS CLASSIFICATION 279 and ultimately Sphenodon was recognised as deserving a separate position, equal in rank to the other groups.


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