Old Provence

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and Innocent iv. crushed, as we have seen, the house of Hohenstaufen, and once more France was called in by the Papacy, when Charles d'Anjou, in the Pope's name, took possession of the Sicilian kingdom. The presence of Anjou in Italy began a decadence of papal prestige which was directly caused by the active intervention of the Popes in European pohtics. Celestine v. was the mere instrument of the King of Naples. His successor, Boniface viii., discovered that, in ruining the Hohen- staufen, the... Papacy had mortally weakened its own strength; and neither his bold policy nor his keen intelligence could avert the inevitable disaster. His quarrel with Philip iv. of France was foredoomed to utter failure; and the violence of Sciarra Colonna, or 256 OLD PROVENCE the legal sophistries of the Toulouse advocate, Guillaume de Nogaret, were scarcely necessary to deal its death- blow to the mediaeval Papacy. At Anagni, Canossa was avenged. At Avignon, the price was paid. The victor had little difficulty in electing a nominee of his own to succeed the brokenhearted Boniface.

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