The Effects of Errors in Surveying

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193, for instance.
{For example, see "Notes on Railway Surveying, " by C. J. Albrecht, Min. Proc. Inst. C. E. , vol. Cliv. , p. 262, where a compass instrument is advised for running trial lines in country overgrown by forest, and over broken ground.
SUMMAEY OF KESULTS. 155 Methods are evolved ( 36, 37), and illustrated by actual instances ( 39), which allow of the average total error being computed in any traverse, whether closed or open, and whether run by theodolite or compass instrument. By
... their application it is possible to deter- mine, for example, whether the actual error of closure of a polygon is greater or less than that which might have been expected on the average, and thus they supply a criterion of accuracy more satisfactory and informative than that afforded by expressing the closing error as a fraction of the total length of the traverse. Providing a rough draft of the proposed traverse can be had (say from an old plan), these methods permit of information being obtained beforehand on the displacement which might reasonably be expected of any point of the traverse ; they also allow one to find approximately the displace- ment likely to occur in any given direction for any point, and, further, render it possible to assess the degree of precision likely to be attained in any result calculated from data to be derived from the traverse.

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