The King's Revenge
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The King’s Revenge INDEX Action Party, 95, 108 Adams, John, 327 Aikman, James, 287 America: regicides’ escapes to, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for regicides in, 1–2, 244, 255–61, 306–10, 322–3; approval/help for republicans in, 2, 202–3, 244, 256, 257–60, 327; Puritanism in, 2, 168, 202, 256, 257, 261, 307, 308, 323; Cromwell and, 80; arrest warrants for Goffe and Whalley, 244, 255–6; expeditionary force to New England (1664), 306–10; influence of Algernon Sidney in, 317, 3...27 Amsterdam, 168, 252, 262, 265, 275 Annesley, Arthur, 172, 194, 213, 230, 231 Argyll, Marquis of, 193–4, 254, 284, 285, 287 Arlington, William, 298, 302, 316, 320 army: parliamentary, 11, 13, 37, 63; after Restoration, 163, 168, 178, 201, 247, 292; see also New Model Army Arnett (or Harnett), William, 81–2 Ascham, Anthony, 79–83, 288 Ashe, John, 104 Ashley Cooper, Sir Anthony, 197 Atkins, Jonathan, 125 Aubrey, John, 137, 198–9 Axtell, Daniel, 49, 160, 183–4, 189, 200, 207, 233–4, 241; placed on death list, 203, 204, 205; trial of, 210, 215, 228–31, 239, 240 Bampfield, Joseph, 94, 197, 266, 290 baptism, 212, 250, 296 Barebone, Praise-God (Puritan preacher), 149 Barkstead, John, 111, 181, 207, 267–8, 270, 278; escape to/exile in Europe, 168–9, 182, 215, 267, 268, 269, 272; capture of in Holland, 274–8, 320 Basadonna, Pietro, 82 Basel (Switzerland), 288 Behn, Aphra, 4, 266, 315, 316 Belasyse, Lord, 90, 94–5 Berkshire, Earl of, 191 Bern (Switzerland), 288, 291, 293–4, 297–8, 301 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 58 Bethel, Slingsby, 154, 293*, 294, 313 Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660), 10, 167, 171–5, 180–2, 247; bribery/enmity/influence in selection of lists, 171, 172–4, 190, 191–2, 210, 231–2, 239–40; death list, 171, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189, 196, 197, 200–1, 203–7, 211, 227; death list of seven, 171, 180, 181; secondary list of partial exceptions (‘twenty and no more’ list), 171, 180, 182, 188–9, 191–2, 193, 207, 237–9, 240; dead regicides and, 174, 206–7; death list of twelve, 181, 188; Covenanters on lists, 193–4, 253–4, 284–5; non-regicides placed on lists, 200, 203–5, 207, 210; Lords’ expansion of death list, 200–1, 203–6; in House of Lords, 200–2, 203–6, 210; Commons-Lords clash on death list, 204–5; becomes law (29 August 1660), 206; death list of thirty-two, 207; list for trial, 210, 211; trial of the regicides and, 215, 219, 224 Billing, Edward, 142 Birkenhead, Isaac, 85 Bisco, John, 293*, 294 Blagrave, Daniel, 207, 322 Blair, Tony, 327 Blake, Robert, 80, 273, 313 Blood, Thomas, 297 Booth, Sir George, 121–2, 125, 127, 129, 145–6, 148–9, 150 Bourchier, John, 322 Bowyer, John, 162, 172 Boyes, William, 101, 103 Bradshaw, Harry, 204 Bradshaw, John, 39–40, 53, 75, 116, 123, 146, 200; trial of Charles I and, 37, 38, 39–40, 42, 45–7, 48–51, 111; defendant’s right to silence and, 40, 40*, 326–7; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7; disinterment and dismemberment, 245, 251–2 Bradshaw, Richard, 75 Brandon, Richard, 58, 62–3, 185–6, 229, 233–4 Breda (in Dutch Republic), 84, 133, 152 Breda, Declaration of (1 May 1660), 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3 Breedon, Thomas, 202–3 Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, 172, 213, 215, 216, 217, 222–3, 224–5, 226, 230, 239–40 Bridgwater (Somerset), 13 British Library, 3 Broghill, Lord, 104, 136, 147 Broughton, Andrew, 36, 39, 44–5, 181, 182, 207, 289, 293*, 322 Browne, Richard, 196, 224, 245 Brussels, 101, 112, 113, 116, 128, 151–2, 182, 195 Bunyan, John, 212 Burke, Edmund, 166 Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 117, 243, 251, 254, 287 Butler, Samuel, Hudibras, 316 Capel, Lord, 83, 185–6, 204 Cardenca, Don Alonso, 195 Carew, John, 38, 99, 196, 207, 213*, 220, 225; execution of, 240, 290 Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20, 22, 25, 26 Castlemaine, Barbara (Barbara Villiers), 211, 282, 318 Catherine of Braganza, 282, 293 Catholicism, 82, 86, 243, 257, 265, 295, 326, 327; Irish, 71, 99, 104, 268, 305; penal laws against, 81; republican antipathy to, 89, 99, 104, 108, 119, 268; Charles II and, 293, 296, 318*, 320, 323; James II and, 321 Cawley, William, 207, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297, 322 Cecil, John, 101, 102–3 Challoner, Thomas, 38, 52, 207, 322 Charing Cross execution site, 241 Charles I, King: art collection of, 5, 19, 57–8, 60; religious intolerance and, 8, 22, 35; at Edgehill, 11; capture of at Newport (Isle of Wight), 18, 23–4, 26–7; negotiations with Scots, 18–19, 20, 21, 23, 84; arrest of by army at Holmby House, 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 313, 319, 320; foreign mercenaries/troops and, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71; refusal to negotiate genuinely, 19, 22–3, 31, 49; house arrest at Hampton Court (1647), 19–20; escape of (11 November 1947), 20; at Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20–1; divine right of kings and, 22, 29, 30, 32, 44, 60, 220, 326; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; moved to Windsor (December 1648), 23, 29–32, 33; at Hurst Castle (the Solent), 26–7, 29; meets Harrison on road to Windsor, 30, 31, 222; alienation of the people during reign, 35; physical appearance of, 43; execution of Strafford and, 43–4, 48, 59, 61; execution of (30 January 1649), 53, 54–5, 56–63, 184–5, 188, 201, 229–30, 232–3; unidentified executioners, 58, 61–3, 181, 182, 184–8, 194, 207, 210, 227, 229–30, 232–4; execution order, 59–60, 229, 231, 234; speech from the scaffold, 61; funeral and burial of, 64–6, 162; cult of as martyred king, 67–9, 75; Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 67–9, 73, 75, 78, 79; Milton on, 69–70; letters of captured at Naseby, 71, 74; destruction of statue of (1649), 155–6; Grand Remonstrance (1641), 225; execution date made holy day, 246; see also death warrant of Charles I; trial of Charles I Charles, Prince of Wales (future King Charles II): exile in Holland, 2, 32, 56, 63, 66, 71, 75, 78, 112, 152; swears vengeance on regicides, 2, 73; exile at French court, 9, 14, 70, 78, 263; First Civil War and, 11, 12–13, 86; childhood of, 11–12; escape to the continent (March 1646), 13–14, 95; pleads for mercy for father, 32, 56, 59; law preventing succession of (1649), 58–9; learns of execution of father, 63–4; proclaimed as Charles II (1649), 66, 67, 73, 74–5; plans for English invasion/uprisings (1649–50), 71, 83–4; Scotland and, 71, 78, 84–5, 193–4, 253–4; revenge fever in northern Europe (1649–50), 73–8, 80–3; money raising schemes, 74–5, 81; assassinations (1649–50) and, 77–8, 80, 81–3, 263; Montrose campaign (1651) and, 78; Prince Rupert’s fleet, 80; emissaries to Spain, 81, 82–3; crowned king of Scots (Scone, January 1651), 85, 193–4, 253–4; at Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), 85–6, 194; invasion of England (1651), 85–6; escape from England (1651), 86, 96; royalist-Leveller contacts, 88, 93, 100, 103; Sealed Knot, 89–91, 93, 94–5, 108; royalist uprising (1655), 95–9, 115, 199, 203, 322; links with Leveller conspirators, 100, 103; negotiations with Spain, 107, 108, 128; court in exile relocates to Brussels, 112; reaction to Cromwell’s death, 112; desperation to regain throne (1658–9), 113, 121, 164–5; royalist uprising (August 1659), 120–2, 125, 127; promises of clemency and, 121, 163, 167, 190; readiness to treat with regicides (1659), 121; approaches to Monck (1658–9), 124–6; holiday (late 1659), 128; overtures to France, 128; negotiations with Monck (March 1660), 150–2; relocation to Breda, 152; Declaration of Breda, 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3; daughter of Lambert and, 164–5; demands unconditional restoration, 165; see also Charles II, King Charles II, King: character of, 3, 9, 12, 64, 78, 86, 167, 211–12, 285–6, 287, 292, 314; coronation of (23 April 1661), 3, 252–3; as interrogator of prisoners, 3, 249, 285–6; sex life, 4, 13, 32, 64, 211, 282, 285, 287, 317–18; Ludlow on, 16–17, 190; views on political assassination, 103, 106, 272, 305; property of regicides and, 162, 180, 190, 245; restoration as unconditional, 165–6; arrival in England (May 1660), 166, 176, 177, 178–9; Parliament gifts money to, 166; demands crackdown from Monck, 167; death lists and, 171, 190; parade into London, 177, 178–9; gushing adulation from Parliament, 178–9, 248–9; motives over regicides, 190; orders burning of Milton’s books, 192, 264; ambiguity of deadline proclamation, 195–6; Ceremony of the Royal Touch, 198–9; petitions from aspiring state servants (May 1660), 199; Bill of Indemnity in House of Lords and, 200; disbanding of the army and, 201, 247; speech to Lords (27 July 1660), 201–2, 203; remits execution of Vane and Lambert, 205, 281; trial of the regicides and, 210, 211; trials of dissidents, 212; witnesses execution of regicides, 240–1, 243; clamp-down on printers and booksellers, 242, 280; vengeance not sated by trials/executions, 242; posthumous dismemberment policy and, 245–6, 250–2; ‘White Plot’ and, 248, 285; broken promise over religious freedom, 250, 292–3; religious clampdown, 250, 292–3, 296; Irish assassins in pay of, 266, 298, 299–301, 305–6, 312; orders removal of corpses from Abbey, 273; marries Catherine of Braganza, 282, 293; breaks word on Vane’s pardon, 283–4; Catholicism and, 293, 318*, 320, 321, 323; uprisings against (1663), 297, 314; letter to authorities in Bern, 298; expeditionary force to New England (1664), 306–10; great fire (1666) and, 313–14; issues form of amnesty to sixteen men, 314, 316; secret treaty with France, 318, 320, 321; death of (5 February 1685), 321, 323; marries niece Mary to William of Orange, 321; see also Charles, Prince of Wales (future King Charles II) Chester, capture of (August 1659), 121 Cheynell, Francis, 72 Cicero, 24, 25 Civil War, First, 14, 70, 95, 121, 153, 214, 224, 261–2, 289, 325–6; Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642), 11, 12–13, 86; Prince of Wales and, 11, 12–13, 86; Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644), 18, 295; Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645), 18, 71, 74, 90, 114; Charles I’s surrender to Scots (1646), 18–19; charge against king and, 38, 45; The King’s Cabinet Revealed, 71, 74; Belasyse’s defeats at Selby and Bradford (1644), 90; Monck and, 124 Civil War, Second, 21–2, 23, 25–6, 84, 124, 241, 325–6; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; charge against king and, 38, 45; execution of royalist leaders (March 1649), 83 Civil War, Third, 84–6, 109, 193–4 Clarendon, Lord see Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon Clarges, John, 164 Clarges, Thomas, 138, 192 Clarke, William, 131 Clement, Gregory, 183, 207, 220, 226 Coates, Roger, 91 Cobbett, William, 165–6 Cochrane, Sir John, 74–5 Coke, Roger, 174 Coke, Thomas, 84–5 Colchester, 21, 169 Cole, Thomas, The Oxbow, 307 Commonwealth: Council of State (Cabinet), 8, 75, 78, 80, 84; ‘the Good Old Cause’ term, 9, 87*, 115, 149, 168, 276, 290; Cromwell’s ‘betrayal’ of, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; independence of the judiciary, 39; religious toleration and, 39; royalist plots against, 73, 78, 83, 84–5, 86, 120–2, 125, 127, 145–6; Dorislaus’ mission to The Hague, 75, 76–8; burials of luminaries in Westminster Abbey, 78, 110, 244–5, 250–1, 273; espionage and intelligence network, 78–9, 83, 84, 85; Ascham as ambassador to Spain, 79, 80–3; propaganda and, 79; ‘engagement’ of faith to, 83; execution of royalist Civil War leaders (March 1649), 83; invasion of Scotland (1650), 84; abolition of, 87–8, 111; Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (16 December 1653), 87–9; Lambert’s attempt to save, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; re-establishment of (May 1659), 117–19; Monck and, 124–9, 133–6, 138–44, 147, 148, 149, 150–3, 154, 158, 159, 160; final months of (December 1659-April 1660), 133–44, 145–60; switching to royalist cause by officials (1659–60), 145–6 Compton, Sir William, 90 constitution, British: constitutional monarchy proposals, 19, 325; Magna Carta, 31, 46, 47, 326; Commons declares itself supreme authority, 33; Tudor ideas on, 48; Milton and, 69–70; The Instrument of Government (December 1653), 88–9, 114, 193, 326; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Cromwell’s unelected upper house, 108; House of Lords reestablished, 161; Convention Parliaments, 161*; parliamentary privilege, 204, 225–6; issues raised during trial of regicides, 223, 224, 225–6, 230; issues raised during Vane’s trial, 283; legacy of regicides, 325–6 Conventicle Act (1664), 250 Cook, John, 43–4, 146, 147, 181, 182, 207, 328; execution of, 15, 235–6, 240; trial of Charles I and, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 70; defendant’s right to silence and, 40, 40*, 326–7; trial of, 210, 218 Cooper, James Fenimore, 319 Coote, Sir Charles, 136, 145–7, 162, 182 Corbet, Miles, 207, 215, 275–8, 320 Corporation Act (1661), 250 Cotter, James, 266, 305–6 Cottington, Francis, 81, 82 Cotton, Sir Robert, 41, 46, 48, 50, 51 Council of Foreign Plantations, 202–3, 256 Coventry, Henry, 165 Cowley, Abraham, 111–12 Craftie Cromwell (1647), 72–3 Crew, John, 155 Cromwell, Elizabeth, 72, 175 Cromwell, Katherine, 226 Cromwell, Oliver: New Model Army and, 8, 14, 21, 24–5, 84, 85–6, 105, 108, 113, 160, 269; trial of Charles I and, 8, 23*, 29, 32, 38, 41–2, 48, 50; death of (3 September 1658), 9, 109–12, 113; ‘betrayal’ of Commonwealth, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; republican opponents of, 15, 87, 99, 108, 111, 114, 139, 295; Joyce’s seizure of king and, 19, 187; Battle of Preston (17 August 1648), 21; hardening of attitude towards king, 21, 23, 24, 25, 241; willingness to work with Charles I, 21, 326; march south from Scotland, 24–5, 27; Fairfax orders to London (28 November 1648), 25; signing of king’s death warrant, 52, 53, 59, 173, 200, 219, 238; execution of king and, 55, 59–60, 61, 64, 229, 230; law preventing succession of Prince of Wales (1649), 58–9; physical appearance of, 72; satirical/propaganda attacks on, 72–3, 105–7; America and, 80; Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650), 84, 109; Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), 85–6; royalist plots against, 86, 90, 91, 92–5, 99–104; abolition of Commonwealth, 87–8, 111; becomes Lord Protector (16 December 1653), 87–9; Leveller hostility towards, 88, 93, 100; Thurloe’s espionage and, 88–9, 99, 102, 103; lives at Whitehall Palace, 92, 103, 109; Gerard plot against (1654), 92–5; 1655 uprising and, 97, 98; police state in Ireland of, 99, 104, 268; Sindercombe plot against (1656–7), 100–4; offer of crown to (‘The Humble Petition and Advice’, 1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Killing No Murder pamphlet (1657), 105–7; king-like behaviour/pomp of, 107; ill health of, 108, 109; unelected upper house, 108; tomb in Westminster Abbey, 110, 244–5, 251; state funeral of, 110–12, 164; on Monck, 124; hanging/burning of effigies of, 164, 179; posthumous attainder of, 174, 175, 206–7; seizure of property of, 175; attitude towards Prince of Wales, 241; disinterment and dismemberment, 244, 245, 246, 251, 252; head on pole at Westminster Hall, 252; on Tower of London, 270 Cromwell, Richard, 111, 112, 114, 115–18, 119, 149, 193, 206, 299, 314 Crowley, Miles, 305 Crowne, John, 202 Danvers, Sir John, 38 Davenant, Sir William, 192 Davenport, John, 257, 258–9, 260 Davidson, Sir William, 252, 265, 271 Davis, Walter, 232 de Vic, Sir Henry, 195 de Witt, Johan, 244, 265, 270–1, 275, 276, 312–13, 314–15, 317 Deane, Richard, 29 death warrant of Charles I, 2, 4, 132, 147, 183, 210, 267, 275, 322; Ludlow and, 14, 170; Cromwell and, 52, 53, 59–60, 173, 200, 219, 238; signing process, 52–3, 59–60, 173, 219, 238; Ingoldsby and Hutchinson excused harsh punishment, 173, 174; finding of (July 1660), 200–1, 231; trial of regicides and, 212, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 231, 237, 238 Delft (Holland), 272, 274–8 Dendy, Edward, 37, 39, 41, 175, 181, 182, 207, 270; exile in Europe, 267, 270, 289, 293*, 322; failed abduction of, 270–1 Deodati, John, 289 Derby, Countess of, 203–4 Derby, Earl of, 85, 203–4 Desborough, John, 97–8, 105, 114, 115, 117, 184, 189, 316; Committee of Safety and, 122, 133; exile in Europe, 252, 314 Devereux, Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex, 11, 14, 230 Dixwell, John, 168, 196, 207, 308–10, 322–3 Dorislaus, Isaac, 36, 38, 44, 75, 76–7, 220, 273; assassination of, 77–8, 80, 81, 263, 288 Dorset, Earl of, 213 Dover, Earl of, 240 Downes, John, 50, 213*, 237 Downing, Sir George: espionage and, 4, 262–7, 270; pursuit of regicides in Europe, 261, 264–72, 309, 322; royalist envoy to the Netherlands, 261, 264–72, 290; republican background of, 261–3, 269–70; Commonwealth emissary to the Netherlands, 262–3; switch to royalist cause, 263–4; failed abduction of Dendy, 270–1; captures of regicides in Holland, 274–8, 313, 320; death of (1684), 323–4 Drake, William, The Long Parliament Revived, 247 Dubois, Monsieur, 294, 299–300 Dunbar, Battle of (3 September 1650), 84, 109 Edgehill, Battle of (23 October 1642), 11, 12–13, 86 Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 67–9, 73, 75, 78, 79 Elizabeth, Lady (daughter of Charles I), 51 Endecott, John, 202–3, 255–6, 257, 258, 259 espionage and intelligence, 3–4, 74–5, 242; Aphra Behn and, 4, 266, 315, 316; George Downing and, 4, 262–7, 270; royalist, 4, 74, 75, 84–5, 264–7, 270, 297–304, 306, 315–16, 321; Commonwealth network, 78–9, 83, 84, 85; agents provocateurs (trepanners/’decoy ducks’), 83, 292; Protectorate and, 88–9, 90, 91, 92–5, 96, 101, 102, 103–4, 107; code-breaking, 90; Gerard plot (1654) and, 92–5; scrutiny of regicides’ wives, 286, 297; interception of fugitives’ mail, 297, 300, 302, 303, 306; use of double-agents, 302, 315; see also Thurloe, John Evelyn, John, 83, 198, 199, 219–20, 240, 241 Ewer, Isaac, 23, 26, 29 Exparch, William, 81 Fagge, John, 138 Fairfax, Lady Alice, 41, 49–50, 72, 184, 228 Fairfax, Thomas, 19, 21–2, 25, 28, 64, 90, 95, 114–15, 170–1; change to royalist side by, 3, 126, 135, 230; army remonstrance and, 24, 37; absentee from trial of king, 37, 41; receives Prince of Wales’ pleas for mercy, 59; resigns commission (1650), 84 Fifth Monarchists, 30*, 99, 108, 111, 113, 161–2, 181, 221, 281; Venner’s uprising (January 1661), 249–50 Finch, Heneage, 167, 172, 190, 191, 204, 247, 323; as prosecutor at regicide trial, 213, 219, 220–1, 223, 238 Finch, Lord, 204–5 Fitzjames, John, 92 Fleetwood, Charles, 99, 105, 114, 116, 117, 133, 189, 193; Committee of Safety and, 122, 132–3; Monck and, 129, 130 Fleetwood, George, 213*, 219, 239, 302 Forbes, Sir Arthur, 145, 146 Foster, Lord Chief Justice, 283–4 Fox, George, 108 Fox, Somerset, 93–4 France, 16, 56, 128, 284–5, 286–7, 290, 298, 301; Charles II’s exile and, 9, 14, 70, 78, 263; overtures to Ludlow, 316–17; Charles II’s secret treaty with, 318, 320, 321 Gadbury, John, 186 Garland, Augustine, 38, 239, 246, 302 Gauden, John, Bishop of Worcester, 68 Geneva, 206, 288–91, 297 Gerard, John, 91, 92, 93–4 Gerard, Lord, 91, 92 Germany, 74, 182, 266–7, 268, 269, 272, 274–5, 285, 286, 309, 311–12, 322 Giffen (or Govan), William, 194, 254 Gittins, Richard, 233 Globe Theatre, Shakespeare’s, 268 ‘Glorious Revolution’ (1688), 39, 324, 325 Gloucester, Duke of, Henry (son of Charles I), 51, 55–6, 79, 166, 176, 177; attends Lords’ death list discussions, 203, 210; death of (September 1660), 247 Godwin, William, 193 Goffe, Frances, 286, 308 Goffe, Dr Stephen, 63 Goffe, William, 63, 111, 116, 207; Angel of Hadley and, 1–2, 318–19; escape to America, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for in America, 255–61, 322–3; cave on Providence Hill, 258–9, 261, 306, 307, 319; hides in Milford cellar, 261, 306; revival of search for (1664), 306–10 Goodwin, John, 192 Gookin, Daniel, 168, 202, 309 Govan, William, 194, 254 great fire in London (1666), 313–14 Grenville, Sir John, 95, 126, 128, 150–2, 162–3, 166 Grey, Lord Thomas, 53, 200 Griffith, Matthew, The Fear of God and the King, 156 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, 171, 172, 181, 205–6, 248, 290 Guernsey, 281, 284 Guizot, François, 118, 135, 138, 139, 140–1, 158 Gumble, Thomas, 127, 138 Guthrie, James, 194, 254 Gwyn, Nell, 317–18 Hacker, Francis, 42, 47, 51, 52, 152, 159, 184, 241; execution of king and, 57, 59, 60, 61, 201, 231; placed on death list, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207; trial of, 210, 231, 239, 240 Hadley (New England), 307–8, 309; Angel of (folk tale), 1–2, 318–19 The Hague, 32, 56, 63–4, 71, 75–8, 166, 224, 264, 270, 312, 315 Halsall, Sir Edward, 81 Hamburg, 74–5, 285, 286 Hamilton, Duke of, 83, 185, 204 Hammond, Robert, 20, 25, 26 Hampton Court palace, 19, 20, 92, 93, 102, 108 Hanau (Prussian town), 268, 269, 271, 309, 322 Harnett (or Arnett), William, 81–2 Harrington, Sir James, 314 Harrison, Thomas, 29, 48, 99, 116, 161–2, 181, 182, 207; calls Charles I ‘man of blood’, 20, 30, 221; meets Charles I on road to Windsor, 30, 31, 222; boycotts Cromwell’s funeral, 111; trial of, 212, 216, 217–18, 220, 221–4; execution of, 235, 240, 249 Harrison, Thomas (Governor of Massachusetts), 308 Harvey, Edmund, 237, 238, 239 Harvey, William, 12–13 Haselrig, Sir Arthur, 111, 114, 115, 131, 132, 189, 203, 204, 245; in Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118, 119, 120, 122, 123–4; conflict with Lambert, 120, 122, 123; coup (October 1659) and, 122, 123–4; as leader in Rump (from December 1659), 136, 141; Monck and, 141, 142, 148, 154, 159, 205; saved by pact with Monck, 154, 205; death of (January 1661), 205, 249 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 319 Heath, James, 253 Henning, B.D., History of the House of Commons, 157 Henrietta Maria, Queen, 20, 26, 56, 63, 78, 110, 137, 175, 199, 247 Henry VIII, King, 66 Henshaw, Thomas, 92, 94 Herbert, Philip, Earl of Pembroke, 55, 198 Herbert, Sir Thomas, 27, 30, 48, 54–5, 231–2; funeral and burial of Charles I and, 64, 65, 66 Hertford, Marquis of, 12 Heveningham, William, 213*, 216, 218, 237, 239–40 Hewson, John, 131–2, 182, 207, 232, 233, 268–9, 270, 271; exile in Europe, 267, 269, 322 High Court of Justice, 35–6, 37–43, 44–52; establishment of, 23*, 33, 222, 273; sittings in Painted Chamber, 36, 37, 48, 49; king’s refusal to recognise at trial, 46, 47, 48, 70; see also trial of Charles I Hobbes, Thomas, 70 Holland see Netherlands Holland, Cornelius, 168–9, 181, 207, 289, 293*, 294, 322 Holland, Earl of, 83, 185, 204 Holles, Denzil, 213, 214, 290 Holmby House (Northamptonshire), 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 319, 320 Holmes, Clive, 23* Hopkins, Sir William, 26 Howard, Charles, 117 Howard, Thomas, 263–4 Howell, William, 164 Hulet (or Hewlet), William, 188, 189, 207, 227, 230, 232–3, 234, 239 Hummel, Johann Heinrich, 294 Huncks, Hercules, 52, 59–60, 146, 229, 231, 234 Hurst Castle (the Solent), 18, 25, 26–7, 29 Hutchinson, John, 4, 38, 173–4, 323 Hutchinson, Lucy, 4, 174, 196 Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon: bribery and, 4, 191; Charles II’s sex life and, 4, 211, 282; history written by, 4; trial of Charles I and, 41; on prince’s reaction to father’s death, 63; exile with Prince of Wales, 75, 113; as emissary to Spanish court, 81, 82; links to murder of Ascham, 82; Sealed Knot and, 89–90, 95; Cromwell assassination plots and, 91; negotiations for Spanish fleet and, 107, 108; on John Bradshaw, 111; on situation after Cromwell’s death, 113; ‘masked royalists’ concept, 114; on army crisis (April 1659), 116; on Monck, 152–3; Goffe/Whalley escape and, 167; on welcome for returning king, 178–9; on bloodlust for vengeance, 189; opposes extreme vengeance proposals, 193, 204; ambiguity of deadline proclamation and, 195; daughter Anne marries Duke of York, 210–11, 247; as commissioner at trial of regicides, 213; Harry Marten and, 237; king’s presence at executions and, 240; Dutch authorities and, 243, 265; on Ludlow, 248; gushing praise of king, 248–9; hunt for regicides in Europe and, 264, 265, 270, 272, 277; on Sir Harry Vane, 292; Clarendon Code, 296 Indemnity, Act of see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660) Ingoldsby, Richard, 52, 111, 116, 117, 172–3, 323; pursuit of Lambert, 158, 159–60, 172–3, 184 Ireland, 43–4, 71, 188; Ludlow and, 8, 14, 120, 136–7, 146; Catholicism in, 71, 99, 104, 268, 305; Connaught mass migration programme, 99; Cromwellian police state, 99, 104, 268; coup in (December 1659), 132, 136–7, 146; first arrests of regicides, 145, 146–7; royalist control of (February 1660), 145–7; Irish assassins in pay of Charles II, 266, 298, 299–301, 305–6, 312; sack of Drogheda, 268; Dublin plot (1663), 297 Ireton, Henry, 9, 19, 24, 48, 110, 241, 325, 326; hardening of attitude towards king, 21, 23, 25–6; Pride’s Purge (6 December 1648) and, 27, 28; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7; disinterment and dismemberment, 245, 251, 252 Isle of Man, 203–4 Isle of Wight, 18, 20, 25, 26, 99 James, Duke of York (future king James II): at Edgehill, 11, 12–13; escape to Europe, 32; Ascham as tutor of, 79; royalist uprising (August 1659), 120–1; property of regicides and, 162, 174–5; Parliament gifts money to, 166; arrival in England (May 1660), 176, 177; Council of Foreign Plantations and, 202–3; attends Lords’ death list discussions, 203, 210; marriage to Anne Hyde, 210–11, 247; Venner’s uprising and, 250; Royal Africa Company and, 276; dispatches ships for Vane and Lambert, 281; great fire (1666) and, 313; becomes king (February 1685), 321; Catholicism of, 321; death of in exile (1701), 323 James I, King, 31, 110, 244 Jefferson, Thomas, 327 Jersey, 14, 83–4, 323 Johnston, Archibald, Lord Wariston, 122, 194, 284–5, 286–7 Johnston, Robert, 285, 286, 308 Jones, John, 181, 182, 207, 220, 226, 257 Jones, Theophilus, 162 Jones, Thomas, 257, 258, 259 Jones, William, 168 Joyce, George: seizure of Charles I from Holmby House (June 1647), 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 313, 319, 320; as suspect in hunt for executioners, 186, 187; exile in Europe, 187, 266–7, 313, 319, 320; attempted capture of in Holland, 320–1, 322 Joyce, William (Lord Haw-Haw), 214 Julian calendar, 156* junta, military (Committee of Safety) (October-December 1659), 122, 123–4, 129–33, 136, 190, 191 justice and legal system: independence of judiciary under Cromwell, 39; defendant’s right to silence, 40, 40*, 326–7; The Instrument of Government and, 89; courts of assize, 97*; weakening of rules of evidence for regicides’ trial, 172, 209, 215, 231; Okey/Barkstead/Corbet trial and, 278; legacy of regicides, 325, 326–7; rule of law, 325, 326; freedom of speech, 326; ‘cab rank’ rule for barristers, 327 Juxon, Dr, Bishop of London, 51, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68 Keeble, N.H., 112–13 Kelland, Thomas, 256, 257–9 Kelsey, Sean, 23* Kelsey, Thomas, 314 Kelying, John, 4 Kicke, Abraham, 272, 274, 275, 276–7, 278 Killing No Murder pamphlet (1657), 105–7 Kingdom’s Intelligencer, 176 Kirk, Thomas, 256, 257–9 Lacey, Andrew, 68 Lambert, John: constitutional monarchy proposals, 19, 325; attempt to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; The Instrument of Government (December 1653) and, 88, 326; victory at Selby (11 April 1644), 90; refusal to support Cromwell as king, 105; in final Protectorate Parliament, 114; army crisis (April 1659) and, 116, 117; conflict with Haselrig, 120, 122, 123; royalist uprising (August 1659) and, 120, 121–2, 127; Rump Parliament (May-October 1659) and, 120, 122, 123; Committee of Safety and, 122, 129, 133; leads army north to stop Monck, 129–30, 131, 134; Monck and, 129–30, 142, 158, 159, 160; disintegration of army of, 130, 134; army waits in Newcastle (November-December 1659), 130–1; removed from London by Rump, 143; imprisoned in Tower (March 1660), 149; escape from Tower, 157; widespread distrust of, 158–9; defeat at Daventry, 159–60, 161, 172–3, 183–4, 269; Prince of Wales and daughter of, 164–5; seizure of property of, 175; placed on partial exemption list, 189; placed on death list, 203, 204, 205; king remits execution of, 205, 281; Parliament’s desire for head of, 280–1; imprisonment on Guernsey, 281; trial of, 282–4; pardoned and returned to Guernsey, 284 Laud, Archbishop, 76, 137 Lausanne, 169, 291, 293–4, 302, 303 Lawson, John, 140, 153 Leete, William, 202, 258, 259, 260 legal and justice system see justice and legal system Leiden (Holland), 77, 169 Lennox, Duke of, 29 Lenthall, Sir John, 171 Lenthall, William, 129, 166, 189, 225–6 Leslie, David, 85 Levellers, 20, 39–40, 80, 88, 93, 100, 269 Lilburne, John (‘Freeborn John’), 39–40, 80 Lilburne, Robert, 218, 237, 238, 239 Lilly, William, 186, 187, 319 Lindsey, Earl of, 65, 213 Lisle, Alice, 303, 305, 321–2 Lisle, John, 38, 40, 98, 181, 182, 199, 207; murder of, 15, 303–5, 306; exile in Switzerland, 289, 291, 294, 302, 303–5 Livesey, Sir Michael, 207, 322 Locke, John, 24 Loughborough, Lord, 90, 91 Louis XIV, King of France, 287, 298, 301, 317, 318 Love, Nicholas, 38, 52, 207, 289, 293*, 322 Ludlow, Edmund: A Voyce from the Watchtower (memoirs), 4–5, 14–17, 296, 317; radical politics of, 5, 16, 21, 88, 326; exile at Lake Geneva, 7–8, 11, 14–17, 294–301, 302–3, 313, 322, 323–4; Ireland and, 8, 14, 120, 136–7, 146; military career, 8, 11, 13, 14, 21–2, 116, 120, 123, 136–7, 145–6; political career after civil wars, 8, 88, 114, 116, 118, 123, 136–7, 140, 145–6, 148, 156–7; political career during civil wars, 8, 14, 22, 25, 27; remains in England (April-August 1660), 9–10, 156–7, 158–9, 162, 170, 178, 181, 189, 194, 196, 205; escape to Europe, 10–11, 205–6, 255; exile in Geneva, 11, 206, 289–91; republicanism and, 14, 123, 136, 149, 153–5, 190, 296–7; Lisle’s death and, 15, 303, 305; Monck and, 15, 129, 140, 141, 142, 148, 178, 181; on Charles II, 16–17, 190; trial of Charles I and, 38; boycotts Cromwell’s funeral, 111; army coup (October 1659) and, 123, 136; treason charges laid by Irish enemies, 136–7, 142, 146; contemplates republican uprising (February-March 1660), 149, 153–5; contests April 1660 election, 156–7; distrust of Lambert, 158–9; Coote seizes property of, 162; escapes inclusion on death list, 181; deadline proclamation and, 196; on Lords’ death list discussions, 203; placed on death list, 207; on trial of the regicides, 214, 216, 217, 239; as Stuarts’ ‘bogey man’, 248, 285, 290, 292, 297, 311, 313; on Barkstead, 267–8; in Lausanne, 291, 293–4; on Sir Harry Vane, 291–2; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 296–7, 313, 314–15, 316, 317; Riordane raid and, 297–301; French overtures to, 316–17; brief return to England, 324; death of (1692), 324 Ludlow, Elizabeth, 10, 15, 194, 205, 286, 289, 297, 324 Mabbott, Gilbert, 41 Magna Carta, 31, 46, 47, 326 Man, William, 134 Manchester, Earl of, 147, 164, 213, 214, 230, 290 Mantegna, Andrea, The Triumphs of Caesar, 19 Marshall, Alan, 286 Marshalsea prison, 267, 270 Marston Moor, Battle of (2 July 1644), 18, 295 Marten, Harry, 38, 52, 73*, 196, 239, 274, 280, 323, 326; trial of, 218–19, 237–8, 239 Marvell, Andrew, 192, 261 Mary (sister of Charles II), 32, 63, 247, 263 Masson, David, 118, 156, 170, 177, 192 Mazarin, Cardinal, 128 McIntosh, A.W., 52 Mercurius Aulicus (Court Mercury), 71 Mercurius Britannicus (parliamentary paper), 71 Mercurius Politicus (republican news sheet), 93, 105, 290 Mercurius Publicus (royalist paper), 175, 198, 207, 208, 252, 278 Meyne, Simon, 237, 239 Mildmay, Sir Henry, 38, 184, 280, 302 Milford (New England), 261, 306, 307 Millington, Gilbert, 38, 212–13, 218, 237, 238, 239 Milton, John, 68–9, 82, 118, 169–70, 176, 192, 220, 264, 323; The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 69–70, 79; Eikonoklastes (The Iconbreaker), 79; The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth, 149–50; Brief Notes upon a late sermon, 156; Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 192; Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio (in defence of the people of England), 192 Monck, George: background of, 5, 124; opinions on motives of, 5, 126, 129, 134, 135–6; Ludlow and, 15, 129, 140, 141, 142, 148, 178, 181; royalist cause and, 15, 126–8, 129, 133, 138–44, 147–8, 150–1, 165, 166; commands English army in Scotland, 100, 124–8, 129–31; Cromwell and, 124; royalist wife of, 124, 126–7, 141, 144; approaches from Prince of Wales (1658-9), 124–6; Booth uprising and, 125, 127–8; purges army of ‘oppositionists’, 129, 130–1, 135, 138, 140, 152, 201; Lambert and, 129–30, 142, 158, 159, 160; opposes junta after October 1659 coup, 129–31; preparations for invasion of England, 129–31; delaying tactics in Scotland, 130–1; Rump Parliament and, 131, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144, 147, 148; Scot and, 131, 138, 139, 141, 143, 148; invades England (January 1660), 133–6; election of ‘free’ Parliament and, 134, 142, 144, 148; oath abjuring the Stuarts and, 138, 139, 143; purges in London regiments, 138, 140, 152; march to London (January 1660), 138–40; dispersal of suspect regiments, 140, 159; arrival in London, 140–1; letter to Rump demanding elections (11 February 1660), 142; greeted as hero in London (11 February 1660), 142–3; secluded Members and, 143–4, 147; appointed Lord General, 147; protestations of loyalty to Commonwealth, 148, 153; republican proposal to offer crown to, 149; Milton’s letter to, 150; negotiations with Prince of Wales (March 1660), 150–2; pledges loyalty to Prince of Wales, 151; Okey as opponent of, 152–3, 269; bans political meetings in army, 153; subjugates army to Parliament, 153; saves Haselrig, 154, 205; regicide manhunt and, 162, 171; the Restoration and, 162–3, 165, 166; Charles II demands crackdown from, 167; Declaration of Breda endorsed by army, 168; death list and, 171, 200, 205; greets Charles II at Dover, 176; orders Cook’s return to England, 182; animosity towards Whitelocke, 190, 191; ‘gloating’ over surrendered fugitives, 196; roistering and ceremonial (June 1660), 197–8; as judge at trial of regicides, 209, 213, 214, 219, 230, 290; intercedes to save life of Fleetwood, 219; ‘White Plot’ and, 248; Venner’s uprising and, 250; intervenes against Argyll, 254; death of (1670), 323 Monck, Nicholas, 126, 127, 150 Monmouth rebellion (1685), 321–2 Monson, Lord, 196, 280 Montague, Edward, 149 Montrose, Marquis of, 76, 78 Mordaunt, John, 116, 135 Morley, Herbert, 138, 153 Morrice, Sir William, 150, 151, 192, 197, 260 Murray, Alexander, 286–7 Nalson, John, 41 Napper, Thomas, 191 Naseby, Battle of (14 June 1645), 18, 71, 74, 90, 114 navy, 80, 95, 130, 132, 152, 153, 168, 176, 312–13 Nedham, Marchamont, 40 Netherlands: Prince of Wales as exile in, 2, 32, 56, 63, 66, 71, 75, 78, 152, 263; royalist exiles in, 66, 75–8, 100, 262, 263; assassination of Dorislaus in, 77–8, 80, 81, 263, 288; Spanish Netherlands, 78, 112, 152, 178, 182, 195; regicides’ escapes to, 168–9, 182, 187, 215, 243–4; Eighty Years’ War with Spain, 169, 265, 312*; as republican country, 243–4, 265, 312; royalist agents in, 243–4, 252, 265–6, 270, 315; Downing as royalist envoy to, 261, 264–72, 290; Downing as Commonwealth emissary to, 262–3; regicides’ exiles in, 265–7, 269, 270–1, 272, 274–8, 313, 315–16, 319–20, 322; Anglo-Dutch War (1665), 266, 312; Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 270, 275; failed abduction of Dendy in, 270–1; captures of regicides in, 274–8, 309, 313, 320; Anglo-Dutch tensions (1663–4), 302; English regiments in Dutch army, 312; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 312–13, 314–16; attempted capture of Joyce in, 320–1, 322 New Amsterdam, 256, 259, 306–7 New Haven colony, 257–9, 261 New Model Army: Fairfax as commander, 3, 21–2, 24, 25, 37, 59, 64, 230; Cromwell and, 8, 14, 21, 24–5, 84, 85–6, 105, 108, 113, 160, 269; in Ireland, 8, 120, 136; Pride’s Purge (military coup of 6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; trial of Charles I and, 8, 35, 37, 38, 111, 146, 184, 230; capture of king at Newport (Isle of Wight), 18, 23–4, 26–7; seizure of Charles I at Holmby House, 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 319, 320; attitude towards Charles I, 21–2, 23–6, 59; moves king to Windsor (December 1648), 23, 29–32, 33; petitions to Parliament (October-November 1648), 23, 24, 25–6; remonstrance (November 1648), 24, 37; military occupation of London, 26, 27; Lisle and, 40; as de facto power during republic, 80, 83; Lambert attempts to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; military rule during Penruddock uprising, 97; Protectorate and, 99, 105, 108, 113–18; Leveller mutinies (1649), 100; Monck commands in Scotland, 100, 124–8, 129–31; republicanism and, 115–18, 119–20, 122, 123–4, 126, 152–5, 201; coup (April 1659), 116–18; recall of Rump Parliament (May 1659), 118; conflict with Rump (July-October 1659), 120, 122, 123–4; Committee of Safety (1659), 122, 123, 129–30, 137, 190, 191; coup (October 1659), 122, 123–4, 129; Monck’s purges of ‘oppositionists’, 129, 130–1, 135, 138, 140, 152, 201; Lambert leads army north, 129–30, 131, 134; London’s antagonism towards, 132, 140, 268–9; Monck invades England (January 1660), 133–6; garrisons declare for Parliament (January 1660), 134; Monck’s purges in London regiments, 138, 140, 152; Monck’s dispersal of suspect regiments, 140, 159; Rump and London regiments, 140–2; continued hatred of Stuarts within, 152; Militia Bill (March 1660) and, 152; Okey as opponent of Monck, 152–3, 269; Monck bans political meetings, 153; Monck subjugates to Parliament, 153; end of (April 1660), 160; trial of the regicides and, 228–32 Newburgh, Lord and Lady, 30–1, 222 Newcastle, Earl of, 11–12, 147, 164, 306 Newgate Prison, 216, 233–4, 236, 239, 250 Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230 Nicholas, Richard, 307, 308 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 75, 112, 128, 137, 252, 309 Noble, Mark, 162 Northampton, Earl of, 172–3 Norton, James, 251 Nutley, James, 221–2 Oates, Titus, 285–6 Oblivion, Act of see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660) Okey, John, 114, 115, 160, 207, 269; as opponent of Monck, 152–3, 269; exile in Europe, 177, 215, 267, 269; as mentor of Downing, 262, 269–70; capture of in Holland, 274–8, 309, 320; execution and funeral of, 278, 279 Old Bailey Sessions House, 216 O’Neill, Father, 243–4, 265 O’Neill, Daniel, 95, 96 Orléans, Duchess of (Henrietta, sister of Charles II), 276, 293, 298, 306 Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, 91, 120, 128, 135 Owen, John, 115, 149 Oxford as royalist capital, 187 Palmer, Sir Geoffrey, 172 Pamphili, Prince, 295 Parker, Henry, 74, 75 Parliament: Pride’s Purge (ejection of royalists, 6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; lists of regicides and, 10, 167, 171, 174, 180–2, 188–9, 191–3, 197, 200–1, 203–7, 210, 211; factions ready to settle with Charles I, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–5, 27, 45; Presbyterian faction during civil war, 19; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; ignoring of army petitions (October/November 1648), 23, 24, 25–6; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Cromwell dissolves Commons (February 1658), 108; Cromwell’s unelected upper house, 108; final Protectorate Parliament, 114–18; army coup (April 1659), 116–18; secluded Members (expelled in Pride’s Purge), 134, 137–8, 143–4, 145, 147, 148; Long Parliament (February-March 1660), 143–4; annulling of Acts passed since 1649 (February-March 1660), 147–8; Presbyterian grandees in 1660 and, 147–8, 164; Militia Bill (March 1660), 152; Monck subjugates army to, 153; election (April 1660), 156–7; Convention Parliament, 161, 161*, 170–2, 173, 245, 247, 248; proclaims Britain a monarchy (April 1660), 161; Declaration of Breda (1 May 1660) and, 162–4; the Restoration and, 162–4, 165, 166; regicide manhunt and, 167, 170–2, 180–2; gushing adulation of king, 178–9, 248–9; welcomes returning king, 178–9; men other than judges in partially excepted category, 182, 188–9, 193; avenging of executed aristocrats, 199–200, 203–5; Charles II’s speech to Lords (27 July 1660), 201–2, 203; Grand Remonstrance (1641), 225; Prynne and Titus press for further executions, 246; Cavalier Parliament, 273–4, 279, 280–1; Bills authorising more executions dropped, 279; desire to execute Lambert and Vane, 280–1; see also Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660); Rump Parliaments Parliamentary Intelligencer, 175 Peacey, Jason, 73 Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of, 55, 198 Pennington, Isaac, 218, 237, 238, 239 Penruddock, Arundel, 98, 199, 203 Penruddock, John, 97–8, 99, 115, 199, 203, 322 Pepys, Samuel: on George Downing, 4, 261, 266; on Sir William Compton, 90; on Monck’s real purpose, 135; on February-April 1660 period, 140, 142–3, 148, 149, 152, 153, 160; accompanies Stuarts back to England, 166; on trial of the regicides, 219; opposes posthumous dismemberment, 246; on Venner’s uprising (January 1661), 249–50; on Hewson’s death, 271; on punitive humiliation of judges at Tyburn, 280; on Vane’s death, 284, 293; lack of access to king, 321 Peters (or Peter), Hugh, 80, 115, 139, 149, 189, 207–8; as suspect in hunt for executioners, 186, 187–8; trial of, 209, 213; execution of, 235, 236–7, 240 Phayre, Robert, 52, 59–60, 146, 231–2 Phelps, John, 36, 39, 41, 222, 228, 313, 315–16; exile in Switzerland, 289, 290, 293–4 Philip IV, King of Spain, 80, 81, 82 plague, bubonic (1665), 313 Portsmouth, seizure of, 132, 136 Portugal, 78, 80 Potter, Vincent, 237, 239, 322 Presbyterianism, 19, 22–3, 104, 114, 115, 126, 132–3; Prince of Wales and, 84, 253–4; grandees in Parliament (1660), 147–8, 164; established as state religion, 148; Solemn League and Covenant, 148, 176, 250, 253–4 press freedom, 113, 119 Preston, Battle of (17 August 1648), 21 Price, John, 125, 126–7, 130 Pride, Thomas, 27, 28–9, 38, 110, 215, 245, 251; Pride’s Purge (6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7 Prideaux, Edward, 94 Progers, Henry, 82 Progers, Valentine, 82 propaganda, 71–3, 74, 79, 149; royalist, 63, 67–8, 71, 72–3, 79, 105–7, 137–8, 150, 253, 290, 292, 297; satirical attacks on Cromwell, 72–3, 105–7; regicide executions and, 243, 279–80, 284 Protectorate: introduction of (16 December 1653), 87–9; The Instrument of Government (national constitution, December 1653), 88–9, 114, 193, 326; Council of State (Cabinet), 89, 98, 108; religious toleration and, 89, 113; royalist plots against, 89–90, 91–8, 99–104, 107, 108, 115, 322; New Model Army and, 95, 105, 108, 113–18; police state introduced (1655), 99; war against Spain, 107, 119; early 1658 as chaotic, 107–8; clamp-down on royalists (1658), 108; death of Cromwell, 109–12, 113; public opinion and, 112–13; final Parliament, 114–18; Richard Cromwell resigns as Protector (1659), 117–18; demands for retrospective retribution against, 199–200, 203–5 Prynne, William, 137–8, 144, 150, 171–2, 246, 323; search for executioners and, 184, 185, 186, 187–8; animosity towards Whitelocke, 190–1, 193; zeal during list making process, 193, 245 Public Records Office, 3–4 Puritanism, 5, 68, 99, 111, 137, 149, 164, 187, 213, 268, 328; in America, 2, 168, 202, 256, 257, 261, 307, 308, 323; Ludlow and, 16, 120; Sir Harry Vane and, 22, 99; Milton and, 79; in Ireland, 99, 104*, 120; in New Model Army, 119–20, 126; Stuart legislation targets, 250, 296; Okey and, 262, 269, 279 Pym, John, 273 Quakers, 113, 250 Ranters, 113, 269 Rawson, Sir William, 260 records/sources/documents, 3–5, 36, 247* the Reformation, 31, 35, 288, 326 the regicides: legislation and death lists see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660); escapes to America by, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for in America, 1–2, 244, 255–61, 306–10, 322–3; Prince of Wales vows vengeance, 2, 73; switches to royalist side by, 3, 5, 158, 172–3, 174; legacy of, 5, 39, 325–8; escapes to/exiles in Switzerland by, 7–8, 10–11, 14–17, 169, 182, 205–6, 288–92, 293–301, 302–5, 313, 324; varied nature/backgrounds of, 8, 326; unidentified executioners, 58, 61–3, 181, 182, 184–8, 207, 210, 227, 229–30, 232–4; revenge fever against in northern Europe (1649-50), 73–8, 80–3; assassinations of (1649-50), 77–8, 80, 81–3, 263, 288; Charles’ readiness to treat with (1659), 121; first arrests of in Ireland, 145, 146–7; proposal to offer crown to Monck, 149; first arrests of in England, 161–2; property of conferred on royal family, 162, 174–6, 180, 190, 245; manhunt for initiated (May 1660), 166–7, 170–2, 180–2; escapes to Holland by, 168–9, 182, 187, 215, 243–4; fugitives’ financial pressures, 169, 266, 272, 289, 294; Ingoldsby’s ‘whining recantation’, 172–3; Tomlinson and Hutchinson escape death list, 173–4; posthumous attainders of, 174, 206–7, 245; escapes to Spanish Netherlands, 177–8, 182, 195; escapes to/exiles in France by, 182, 252, 284–5; escapes to/exiles in Germany by, 182, 266–7, 268, 269, 272, 274–5, 285, 286, 309, 311–12, 322; public animosity against, 182–3; May 1660 arrests, 183–4; king’s personal arrival adds to bloodlust, 189; Charles II’s motives over, 190; ambiguity of king’s deadline proclamation, 195–6; surrender of under deadline proclamation, 195–6, 207, 224, 226, 237, 239, 246, 274; Geneva as base for, 206, 288–91; executions of, 235–7, 240–1, 243, 248, 249, 278, 290, 322; suspended death penalty group, 240, 273–4, 279; attention turns to those abroad, 242, 243–4, 255–6; publishing of last speeches of, 242, 279–80, 284; executions as ‘propaganda bonuses’, 243, 279–80, 284; royalist hunt for in Europe, 243–4, 255, 261, 264–72, 274–8, 284–7, 288, 290, 297–306, 309, 311–12, 320–1, 322; posthumous dismemberments of, 244, 245–6, 250–2; Prynne and Titus press for further executions of, 246; exiles in Holland, 265–7, 269, 270–1, 272, 274–8, 313, 315–16, 319–20, 322; Cavalier Parliament presses for further executions, 273–4, 279; nineteen brought before Cavalier Parliament, 273–4; dispersal of imprisoned men, 279, 302; Prayers and Speeches of the Regicides, 279–80; punitive humiliation of judges at Tyburn, 280; group in Lausanne, 293–4; death plots against Vevey group, 298–301, 302–3 religion: Charles I’s intolerance, 8, 22, 35; Roundhead army leaders and, 21, 23; divine right of kings, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 44, 60, 69, 220, 326; role of bishops, 22, 76*, 297, 326; Newport treaty (December 1648) and, 22–3; Fifth Monarchists, 30*, 99, 108, 111, 113, 161–2, 181, 221, 249–50, 281; the Reformation, 31, 35, 288, 326; Toleration Act (1650), 39; Book of Common Prayer, 66, 250; Anglican Church, 68, 69, 84, 156, 212, 250, 297; Covenanters, 76*, 84, 148, 176, 193–4, 250, 253–4, 284–5; Episcopalian, 79, 119; The Instrument of Government and, 89; toleration under Protectorate, 89, 113; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104, 105; Quakers, 113, 250; Ranters, 113, 269; toleration under Rump (May-October 1659), 119; Anabaptists, 130; Declaration of Breda promises freedom of, 163, 250, 292–3; churches for British subjects in Holland, 169; baptism, 212, 250, 296; Stuart clampdown, 212, 250, 292–3, 296; Calvinism, 257, 285, 288–9, 297; Clarendon Code, 296; see also Catholicism; Presbyterianism; Puritanism republican England, 2, 9, 14, 15; see also Commonwealth; Protectorate republicanism: in America, 2, 202–3, 244, 256, 257–60, 327; ‘the Good Old Cause’ term, 9, 87*, 115, 149, 168, 276, 290; Ludlow and, 14, 123, 136, 149, 153–5, 190, 296–7; religious toleration and, 14, 22, 39, 113, 119, 325, 326; Cromwell’s ‘betrayal’ and, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; king’s opponents move towards, 21; Milton and, 68–70, 149–50, 176, 192; opposition to Cromwell, 87–8, 99, 108, 111, 114, 139, 295; Algernon Sidney and, 87*, 295–7, 317, 321, 327; Lambert attempts to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; Sidney’s works on, 87*, 317, 321, 327; final Protectorate Parliament and, 114, 115; New Model Army and, 115–18, 119–20, 122, 123–4, 126, 152–5, 201; in Rump (May-October 1659), 118–20; royalist uprising (August 1659) and, 120–2; coup (October 1659) and, 123–4; secret commission to Monck, 131; public animosity against, 134–5; in Rump (from December 1659), 136; delegation to confront Monck, 148; contemplation of uprising (February-March 1660), 149, 152, 153–5; proposal to offer crown to Monck, 149; desperate attempts to reverse royalist tide, 149–50; despair/giving up of hope, 154–5; symbols destroyed during Restoration, 156, 176; April 1660 election and, 156–7; end of republican era (April 1660), 160, 161; Prynne’s extreme proposals against, 193; in Holland, 243–4, 265, 312; Downing and, 261–3, 269–70 the Restoration (1660), 2, 9; coronation (23 April 1661), 3, 252–3; Presbyterian grandees press for limits on royal power, 147, 164; growth of royalism in London, 148–9; preparations and planning, 150–3; open royalist support in London, 155–6; destruction of republican symbols, 156, 176; process of (May 1660), 162–3; Declaration of Breda, 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3; public celebrations of, 164, 179; restitution of royal statues and coat of arms, 164, 168, 170; as unconditional, 165–6; Charles’ arrival in England (May 1660), 166, 176, 177, 178–9; roistering and ceremonial (June 1660), 197–8 Richardson, Edward, 297, 314 Richmond, Duke of, 26, 65 Riordane, John (or Germaine), 297–300, 305, 306 Robertson, Geoffrey, 146 Robinson, Sir John, 216 Robinson, Luke, 138–9, 143 Robinson, Sir John, 281 Rochester, Henry Wilmot, Earl of, 96–7, 98, 99 Rowe, Owen, 218, 237, 238, 239, 323 Rolle, Lord, 199 Rome, 295 Royal Africa Company, 276 Royal Society, 5 Rugge, Thomas, 150 Rump Parliament (December 1648-April 1653), 8, 29, 32, 33, 70, 73, 100; appointment of judges to try king, 8, 35; satirical attacks on, 72; Cromwell abolishes, 87; ruled illegal at trial of regicides, 223, 238 Rump Parliament (December 1659-February 1660), 133–4, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144; Monck and, 131, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144, 147, 148; unpopularity in London, 138, 140, 142–3, 150; Council of Officers declares against, 147; declaration of fidelity abolished (1660), 148 Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118–22, 127, 131, 132, 282–3; army coup (October 1659), 122, 123–4, 129 Rupert, Prince, 80, 91–2, 114 Russell, John (minister in Hadley), 2, 307–8, 309, 318 Russell, John (Sealed Knot founder), 90 Russell, William, 90 Salisbury, raid on (12 March 1655), 97 Say, William, 40, 181, 182, 207, 295–6, 311; exile in Switzerland, 289, 293*, 294; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 312, 313, 315 Saye and Sele, Viscount, 213, 214 Scilly Isles, 14, 85, 95, 281 Scot, Thomas, 78–9, 83, 84, 85, 89, 114, 207, 290; final speech in Parliament, 3, 155, 195, 197; in Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118, 123; Monck and, 131, 138, 139, 141, 143, 148; as leader in Rump (from December 1659), 136, 139; as Council of State emissary to Monck, 138, 139; contests April 1660 election, 156, 157; escape to Europe, 177–8, 195; placed on death list, 181, 197; return to England, 195, 197, 226; trial of, 220, 225–6 Scot, William, 182, 314, 315–16 Scotland: Charles I and, 18–19, 20, 21, 23; invasion of England (July 1648), 21; Prince of Wales and, 71, 78, 84–5, 193–4, 253–4; royalist exiles from, 76; Montrose campaign (1651), 78; English invasion of (1650), 84; Prince of Wales crowned king (Scone, January 1651), 85, 193–4, 253–4; invasion of England (1651), 85–6; Monck commands English army in, 124–8, 129–31; Covenanters on regicide lists, 193–4, 253–4, 284–5; trial and execution of Argyll, 254 Scott, James, Duke of Monmouth, 321–2 Scott, Walter, Peveril of the Peak, 319 Scroop, Adrian, 196, 203, 207, 212, 220, 224–5, 245 Sealed Knot society, 89–91, 93, 94–5, 108 Sedan, 252 Sedgemoor, Battle of (6 July 1685), 321 Selby, Battle of (11 April 1644), 90 Selway, Major, 193 Sexby, Edward, 100–1, 103, 106, 107 Seymour, Jane, 66 Ship Tavern plotters, 91–2 Sidney, Algernon, 87*, 295–7, 311, 314, 317; invasion plans, 311–13, 314–16, 317; works on republican theory, 317, 321, 327; return to England and execution of, 321 Sidney, Robert, 32 Simpson, Holland, 228 Sindercombe, Miles, 100–4, 245 Skinner, Thomas, 139 Smith, Abraham, 234 Smith, Henry, 237, 238, 239, 323 Smith, Major, 127 Somerset, Duke of, 213 Southampton, Earl of, 65, 213 Spain, 79, 80–3, 107–8, 119, 128, 152; Spanish Netherlands, 78, 112, 152, 178, 182, 195; Eighty Years’ War with Holland, 169, 265, 312* Sparke, William, 82 Spavin, Robert, 186 Spottiswood, Sir John, 76, 78 St Albans, 24, 139–40 St James’s Palace, 54–5, 56–7, 65 St John, Oliver, 37, 104, 314 Star Chamber, 137 Stephens, Edward, 156 Stiles, Ezra, 319 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 43–4, 48, 59, 61 Strickland, Walter, 76, 77, 78 Stuyvesant, Peter, 256, 259 Swinton, Sir John, 194 Switzerland, 182, 206, 284, 288–92, 293–301, 302–5, 311, 322, 324 Tangiers, 219, 246, 302 Taylor, Jeremy, 68 Taylor, John, Mercurius Melancholicus, 73 Temple, James, 237, 239 Temple, Peter, 237, 239, 323 Temple, Sir William, 319–20, 322 Temple, Thomas, 260, 306 Thurloe, John, 72, 88–9, 90, 99, 107, 193, 262, 264; Ship Tavern plotters and, 91, 92; Gerard plot (1654) and, 92, 93, 94–5; 1655 uprising and, 95, 96; Sindercombe plot and, 101, 102, 103–4; in final Protectorate Parliament, 114 Thynne, Sir Thomas, 157 Tichborne, Robert, 218, 237, 238, 239, 323 Titus, Silius, 106, 245–6, 305 Toleration Act (1650), 39 Tomlinson, Matthew, 41, 52, 56, 57, 60, 146, 173, 231, 233, 234 Tong Plot (1662), 285–6 Toope, John, 101, 102, 103 Tower of London, 172, 215–16, 267, 270, 281, 302 Treason Act (1351), 172, 214, 215, 230, 237–8 trial of Charles I: Cromwell and, 8, 23*, 29, 32, 38, 41–2, 48, 50; judges chosen by Rump, 8, 35; non-appearance of judges, 8, 36, 37–8; debates over purpose of, 23*; legal authority of, 29, 31, 32, 34–5, 46, 47, 48, 70; Westminster Hall chosen as venue, 33, 34; drawing up of charge, 35, 36, 38; sittings in Painted Chamber, 36, 37, 48, 49; preliminary sessions, 36–8; Bradshaw and, 37, 38, 39–40, 42, 45–7, 48–51, 111; first day of, 38–46; as true ‘glorious revolution’, 39, 325; shouting woman incidents, 41, 49–50, 184, 228, 229, 231; charge against king, 44–5; ‘Justice!
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The King’s Revenge INDEX Action Party, 95, 108 Adams, John, 327 Aikman, James, 287 America: regicides’ escapes to, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for regicides in, 1–2, 244, 255–61, 306–10, 322–3; approval/help for republicans in, 2, 202–3, 244, 256, 257–60, 327; Puritanism in, 2, 168, 202, 256, 257, 261, 307, 308, 323; Cromwell and, 80; arrest warrants for Goffe and Whalley, 244, 255–6; expeditionary force to New England (1664), 306–10; influence of Algernon Sidney in, 317, 3...27 Amsterdam, 168, 252, 262, 265, 275 Annesley, Arthur, 172, 194, 213, 230, 231 Argyll, Marquis of, 193–4, 254, 284, 285, 287 Arlington, William, 298, 302, 316, 320 army: parliamentary, 11, 13, 37, 63; after Restoration, 163, 168, 178, 201, 247, 292; see also New Model Army Arnett (or Harnett), William, 81–2 Ascham, Anthony, 79–83, 288 Ashe, John, 104 Ashley Cooper, Sir Anthony, 197 Atkins, Jonathan, 125 Aubrey, John, 137, 198–9 Axtell, Daniel, 49, 160, 183–4, 189, 200, 207, 233–4, 241; placed on death list, 203, 204, 205; trial of, 210, 215, 228–31, 239, 240 Bampfield, Joseph, 94, 197, 266, 290 baptism, 212, 250, 296 Barebone, Praise-God (Puritan preacher), 149 Barkstead, John, 111, 181, 207, 267–8, 270, 278; escape to/exile in Europe, 168–9, 182, 215, 267, 268, 269, 272; capture of in Holland, 274–8, 320 Basadonna, Pietro, 82 Basel (Switzerland), 288 Behn, Aphra, 4, 266, 315, 316 Belasyse, Lord, 90, 94–5 Berkshire, Earl of, 191 Bern (Switzerland), 288, 291, 293–4, 297–8, 301 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 58 Bethel, Slingsby, 154, 293*, 294, 313 Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660), 10, 167, 171–5, 180–2, 247; bribery/enmity/influence in selection of lists, 171, 172–4, 190, 191–2, 210, 231–2, 239–40; death list, 171, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189, 196, 197, 200–1, 203–7, 211, 227; death list of seven, 171, 180, 181; secondary list of partial exceptions (‘twenty and no more’ list), 171, 180, 182, 188–9, 191–2, 193, 207, 237–9, 240; dead regicides and, 174, 206–7; death list of twelve, 181, 188; Covenanters on lists, 193–4, 253–4, 284–5; non-regicides placed on lists, 200, 203–5, 207, 210; Lords’ expansion of death list, 200–1, 203–6; in House of Lords, 200–2, 203–6, 210; Commons-Lords clash on death list, 204–5; becomes law (29 August 1660), 206; death list of thirty-two, 207; list for trial, 210, 211; trial of the regicides and, 215, 219, 224 Billing, Edward, 142 Birkenhead, Isaac, 85 Bisco, John, 293*, 294 Blagrave, Daniel, 207, 322 Blair, Tony, 327 Blake, Robert, 80, 273, 313 Blood, Thomas, 297 Booth, Sir George, 121–2, 125, 127, 129, 145–6, 148–9, 150 Bourchier, John, 322 Bowyer, John, 162, 172 Boyes, William, 101, 103 Bradshaw, Harry, 204 Bradshaw, John, 39–40, 53, 75, 116, 123, 146, 200; trial of Charles I and, 37, 38, 39–40, 42, 45–7, 48–51, 111; defendant’s right to silence and, 40, 40*, 326–7; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7; disinterment and dismemberment, 245, 251–2 Bradshaw, Richard, 75 Brandon, Richard, 58, 62–3, 185–6, 229, 233–4 Breda (in Dutch Republic), 84, 133, 152 Breda, Declaration of (1 May 1660), 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3 Breedon, Thomas, 202–3 Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, 172, 213, 215, 216, 217, 222–3, 224–5, 226, 230, 239–40 Bridgwater (Somerset), 13 British Library, 3 Broghill, Lord, 104, 136, 147 Broughton, Andrew, 36, 39, 44–5, 181, 182, 207, 289, 293*, 322 Browne, Richard, 196, 224, 245 Brussels, 101, 112, 113, 116, 128, 151–2, 182, 195 Bunyan, John, 212 Burke, Edmund, 166 Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 117, 243, 251, 254, 287 Butler, Samuel, Hudibras, 316 Capel, Lord, 83, 185–6, 204 Cardenca, Don Alonso, 195 Carew, John, 38, 99, 196, 207, 213*, 220, 225; execution of, 240, 290 Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20, 22, 25, 26 Castlemaine, Barbara (Barbara Villiers), 211, 282, 318 Catherine of Braganza, 282, 293 Catholicism, 82, 86, 243, 257, 265, 295, 326, 327; Irish, 71, 99, 104, 268, 305; penal laws against, 81; republican antipathy to, 89, 99, 104, 108, 119, 268; Charles II and, 293, 296, 318*, 320, 323; James II and, 321 Cawley, William, 207, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297, 322 Cecil, John, 101, 102–3 Challoner, Thomas, 38, 52, 207, 322 Charing Cross execution site, 241 Charles I, King: art collection of, 5, 19, 57–8, 60; religious intolerance and, 8, 22, 35; at Edgehill, 11; capture of at Newport (Isle of Wight), 18, 23–4, 26–7; negotiations with Scots, 18–19, 20, 21, 23, 84; arrest of by army at Holmby House, 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 313, 319, 320; foreign mercenaries/troops and, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71; refusal to negotiate genuinely, 19, 22–3, 31, 49; house arrest at Hampton Court (1647), 19–20; escape of (11 November 1947), 20; at Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), 20–1; divine right of kings and, 22, 29, 30, 32, 44, 60, 220, 326; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; moved to Windsor (December 1648), 23, 29–32, 33; at Hurst Castle (the Solent), 26–7, 29; meets Harrison on road to Windsor, 30, 31, 222; alienation of the people during reign, 35; physical appearance of, 43; execution of Strafford and, 43–4, 48, 59, 61; execution of (30 January 1649), 53, 54–5, 56–63, 184–5, 188, 201, 229–30, 232–3; unidentified executioners, 58, 61–3, 181, 182, 184–8, 194, 207, 210, 227, 229–30, 232–4; execution order, 59–60, 229, 231, 234; speech from the scaffold, 61; funeral and burial of, 64–6, 162; cult of as martyred king, 67–9, 75; Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 67–9, 73, 75, 78, 79; Milton on, 69–70; letters of captured at Naseby, 71, 74; destruction of statue of (1649), 155–6; Grand Remonstrance (1641), 225; execution date made holy day, 246; see also death warrant of Charles I; trial of Charles I Charles, Prince of Wales (future King Charles II): exile in Holland, 2, 32, 56, 63, 66, 71, 75, 78, 112, 152; swears vengeance on regicides, 2, 73; exile at French court, 9, 14, 70, 78, 263; First Civil War and, 11, 12–13, 86; childhood of, 11–12; escape to the continent (March 1646), 13–14, 95; pleads for mercy for father, 32, 56, 59; law preventing succession of (1649), 58–9; learns of execution of father, 63–4; proclaimed as Charles II (1649), 66, 67, 73, 74–5; plans for English invasion/uprisings (1649–50), 71, 83–4; Scotland and, 71, 78, 84–5, 193–4, 253–4; revenge fever in northern Europe (1649–50), 73–8, 80–3; money raising schemes, 74–5, 81; assassinations (1649–50) and, 77–8, 80, 81–3, 263; Montrose campaign (1651) and, 78; Prince Rupert’s fleet, 80; emissaries to Spain, 81, 82–3; crowned king of Scots (Scone, January 1651), 85, 193–4, 253–4; at Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), 85–6, 194; invasion of England (1651), 85–6; escape from England (1651), 86, 96; royalist-Leveller contacts, 88, 93, 100, 103; Sealed Knot, 89–91, 93, 94–5, 108; royalist uprising (1655), 95–9, 115, 199, 203, 322; links with Leveller conspirators, 100, 103; negotiations with Spain, 107, 108, 128; court in exile relocates to Brussels, 112; reaction to Cromwell’s death, 112; desperation to regain throne (1658–9), 113, 121, 164–5; royalist uprising (August 1659), 120–2, 125, 127; promises of clemency and, 121, 163, 167, 190; readiness to treat with regicides (1659), 121; approaches to Monck (1658–9), 124–6; holiday (late 1659), 128; overtures to France, 128; negotiations with Monck (March 1660), 150–2; relocation to Breda, 152; Declaration of Breda, 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3; daughter of Lambert and, 164–5; demands unconditional restoration, 165; see also Charles II, King Charles II, King: character of, 3, 9, 12, 64, 78, 86, 167, 211–12, 285–6, 287, 292, 314; coronation of (23 April 1661), 3, 252–3; as interrogator of prisoners, 3, 249, 285–6; sex life, 4, 13, 32, 64, 211, 282, 285, 287, 317–18; Ludlow on, 16–17, 190; views on political assassination, 103, 106, 272, 305; property of regicides and, 162, 180, 190, 245; restoration as unconditional, 165–6; arrival in England (May 1660), 166, 176, 177, 178–9; Parliament gifts money to, 166; demands crackdown from Monck, 167; death lists and, 171, 190; parade into London, 177, 178–9; gushing adulation from Parliament, 178–9, 248–9; motives over regicides, 190; orders burning of Milton’s books, 192, 264; ambiguity of deadline proclamation, 195–6; Ceremony of the Royal Touch, 198–9; petitions from aspiring state servants (May 1660), 199; Bill of Indemnity in House of Lords and, 200; disbanding of the army and, 201, 247; speech to Lords (27 July 1660), 201–2, 203; remits execution of Vane and Lambert, 205, 281; trial of the regicides and, 210, 211; trials of dissidents, 212; witnesses execution of regicides, 240–1, 243; clamp-down on printers and booksellers, 242, 280; vengeance not sated by trials/executions, 242; posthumous dismemberment policy and, 245–6, 250–2; ‘White Plot’ and, 248, 285; broken promise over religious freedom, 250, 292–3; religious clampdown, 250, 292–3, 296; Irish assassins in pay of, 266, 298, 299–301, 305–6, 312; orders removal of corpses from Abbey, 273; marries Catherine of Braganza, 282, 293; breaks word on Vane’s pardon, 283–4; Catholicism and, 293, 318*, 320, 321, 323; uprisings against (1663), 297, 314; letter to authorities in Bern, 298; expeditionary force to New England (1664), 306–10; great fire (1666) and, 313–14; issues form of amnesty to sixteen men, 314, 316; secret treaty with France, 318, 320, 321; death of (5 February 1685), 321, 323; marries niece Mary to William of Orange, 321; see also Charles, Prince of Wales (future King Charles II) Chester, capture of (August 1659), 121 Cheynell, Francis, 72 Cicero, 24, 25 Civil War, First, 14, 70, 95, 121, 153, 214, 224, 261–2, 289, 325–6; Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642), 11, 12–13, 86; Prince of Wales and, 11, 12–13, 86; Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644), 18, 295; Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645), 18, 71, 74, 90, 114; Charles I’s surrender to Scots (1646), 18–19; charge against king and, 38, 45; The King’s Cabinet Revealed, 71, 74; Belasyse’s defeats at Selby and Bradford (1644), 90; Monck and, 124 Civil War, Second, 21–2, 23, 25–6, 84, 124, 241, 325–6; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; charge against king and, 38, 45; execution of royalist leaders (March 1649), 83 Civil War, Third, 84–6, 109, 193–4 Clarendon, Lord see Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon Clarges, John, 164 Clarges, Thomas, 138, 192 Clarke, William, 131 Clement, Gregory, 183, 207, 220, 226 Coates, Roger, 91 Cobbett, William, 165–6 Cochrane, Sir John, 74–5 Coke, Roger, 174 Coke, Thomas, 84–5 Colchester, 21, 169 Cole, Thomas, The Oxbow, 307 Commonwealth: Council of State (Cabinet), 8, 75, 78, 80, 84; ‘the Good Old Cause’ term, 9, 87*, 115, 149, 168, 276, 290; Cromwell’s ‘betrayal’ of, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; independence of the judiciary, 39; religious toleration and, 39; royalist plots against, 73, 78, 83, 84–5, 86, 120–2, 125, 127, 145–6; Dorislaus’ mission to The Hague, 75, 76–8; burials of luminaries in Westminster Abbey, 78, 110, 244–5, 250–1, 273; espionage and intelligence network, 78–9, 83, 84, 85; Ascham as ambassador to Spain, 79, 80–3; propaganda and, 79; ‘engagement’ of faith to, 83; execution of royalist Civil War leaders (March 1649), 83; invasion of Scotland (1650), 84; abolition of, 87–8, 111; Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (16 December 1653), 87–9; Lambert’s attempt to save, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; re-establishment of (May 1659), 117–19; Monck and, 124–9, 133–6, 138–44, 147, 148, 149, 150–3, 154, 158, 159, 160; final months of (December 1659-April 1660), 133–44, 145–60; switching to royalist cause by officials (1659–60), 145–6 Compton, Sir William, 90 constitution, British: constitutional monarchy proposals, 19, 325; Magna Carta, 31, 46, 47, 326; Commons declares itself supreme authority, 33; Tudor ideas on, 48; Milton and, 69–70; The Instrument of Government (December 1653), 88–9, 114, 193, 326; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Cromwell’s unelected upper house, 108; House of Lords reestablished, 161; Convention Parliaments, 161*; parliamentary privilege, 204, 225–6; issues raised during trial of regicides, 223, 224, 225–6, 230; issues raised during Vane’s trial, 283; legacy of regicides, 325–6 Conventicle Act (1664), 250 Cook, John, 43–4, 146, 147, 181, 182, 207, 328; execution of, 15, 235–6, 240; trial of Charles I and, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 70; defendant’s right to silence and, 40, 40*, 326–7; trial of, 210, 218 Cooper, James Fenimore, 319 Coote, Sir Charles, 136, 145–7, 162, 182 Corbet, Miles, 207, 215, 275–8, 320 Corporation Act (1661), 250 Cotter, James, 266, 305–6 Cottington, Francis, 81, 82 Cotton, Sir Robert, 41, 46, 48, 50, 51 Council of Foreign Plantations, 202–3, 256 Coventry, Henry, 165 Cowley, Abraham, 111–12 Craftie Cromwell (1647), 72–3 Crew, John, 155 Cromwell, Elizabeth, 72, 175 Cromwell, Katherine, 226 Cromwell, Oliver: New Model Army and, 8, 14, 21, 24–5, 84, 85–6, 105, 108, 113, 160, 269; trial of Charles I and, 8, 23*, 29, 32, 38, 41–2, 48, 50; death of (3 September 1658), 9, 109–12, 113; ‘betrayal’ of Commonwealth, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; republican opponents of, 15, 87, 99, 108, 111, 114, 139, 295; Joyce’s seizure of king and, 19, 187; Battle of Preston (17 August 1648), 21; hardening of attitude towards king, 21, 23, 24, 25, 241; willingness to work with Charles I, 21, 326; march south from Scotland, 24–5, 27; Fairfax orders to London (28 November 1648), 25; signing of king’s death warrant, 52, 53, 59, 173, 200, 219, 238; execution of king and, 55, 59–60, 61, 64, 229, 230; law preventing succession of Prince of Wales (1649), 58–9; physical appearance of, 72; satirical/propaganda attacks on, 72–3, 105–7; America and, 80; Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650), 84, 109; Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), 85–6; royalist plots against, 86, 90, 91, 92–5, 99–104; abolition of Commonwealth, 87–8, 111; becomes Lord Protector (16 December 1653), 87–9; Leveller hostility towards, 88, 93, 100; Thurloe’s espionage and, 88–9, 99, 102, 103; lives at Whitehall Palace, 92, 103, 109; Gerard plot against (1654), 92–5; 1655 uprising and, 97, 98; police state in Ireland of, 99, 104, 268; Sindercombe plot against (1656–7), 100–4; offer of crown to (‘The Humble Petition and Advice’, 1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Killing No Murder pamphlet (1657), 105–7; king-like behaviour/pomp of, 107; ill health of, 108, 109; unelected upper house, 108; tomb in Westminster Abbey, 110, 244–5, 251; state funeral of, 110–12, 164; on Monck, 124; hanging/burning of effigies of, 164, 179; posthumous attainder of, 174, 175, 206–7; seizure of property of, 175; attitude towards Prince of Wales, 241; disinterment and dismemberment, 244, 245, 246, 251, 252; head on pole at Westminster Hall, 252; on Tower of London, 270 Cromwell, Richard, 111, 112, 114, 115–18, 119, 149, 193, 206, 299, 314 Crowley, Miles, 305 Crowne, John, 202 Danvers, Sir John, 38 Davenant, Sir William, 192 Davenport, John, 257, 258–9, 260 Davidson, Sir William, 252, 265, 271 Davis, Walter, 232 de Vic, Sir Henry, 195 de Witt, Johan, 244, 265, 270–1, 275, 276, 312–13, 314–15, 317 Deane, Richard, 29 death warrant of Charles I, 2, 4, 132, 147, 183, 210, 267, 275, 322; Ludlow and, 14, 170; Cromwell and, 52, 53, 59–60, 173, 200, 219, 238; signing process, 52–3, 59–60, 173, 219, 238; Ingoldsby and Hutchinson excused harsh punishment, 173, 174; finding of (July 1660), 200–1, 231; trial of regicides and, 212, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 231, 237, 238 Delft (Holland), 272, 274–8 Dendy, Edward, 37, 39, 41, 175, 181, 182, 207, 270; exile in Europe, 267, 270, 289, 293*, 322; failed abduction of, 270–1 Deodati, John, 289 Derby, Countess of, 203–4 Derby, Earl of, 85, 203–4 Desborough, John, 97–8, 105, 114, 115, 117, 184, 189, 316; Committee of Safety and, 122, 133; exile in Europe, 252, 314 Devereux, Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex, 11, 14, 230 Dixwell, John, 168, 196, 207, 308–10, 322–3 Dorislaus, Isaac, 36, 38, 44, 75, 76–7, 220, 273; assassination of, 77–8, 80, 81, 263, 288 Dorset, Earl of, 213 Dover, Earl of, 240 Downes, John, 50, 213*, 237 Downing, Sir George: espionage and, 4, 262–7, 270; pursuit of regicides in Europe, 261, 264–72, 309, 322; royalist envoy to the Netherlands, 261, 264–72, 290; republican background of, 261–3, 269–70; Commonwealth emissary to the Netherlands, 262–3; switch to royalist cause, 263–4; failed abduction of Dendy, 270–1; captures of regicides in Holland, 274–8, 313, 320; death of (1684), 323–4 Drake, William, The Long Parliament Revived, 247 Dubois, Monsieur, 294, 299–300 Dunbar, Battle of (3 September 1650), 84, 109 Edgehill, Battle of (23 October 1642), 11, 12–13, 86 Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 67–9, 73, 75, 78, 79 Elizabeth, Lady (daughter of Charles I), 51 Endecott, John, 202–3, 255–6, 257, 258, 259 espionage and intelligence, 3–4, 74–5, 242; Aphra Behn and, 4, 266, 315, 316; George Downing and, 4, 262–7, 270; royalist, 4, 74, 75, 84–5, 264–7, 270, 297–304, 306, 315–16, 321; Commonwealth network, 78–9, 83, 84, 85; agents provocateurs (trepanners/’decoy ducks’), 83, 292; Protectorate and, 88–9, 90, 91, 92–5, 96, 101, 102, 103–4, 107; code-breaking, 90; Gerard plot (1654) and, 92–5; scrutiny of regicides’ wives, 286, 297; interception of fugitives’ mail, 297, 300, 302, 303, 306; use of double-agents, 302, 315; see also Thurloe, John Evelyn, John, 83, 198, 199, 219–20, 240, 241 Ewer, Isaac, 23, 26, 29 Exparch, William, 81 Fagge, John, 138 Fairfax, Lady Alice, 41, 49–50, 72, 184, 228 Fairfax, Thomas, 19, 21–2, 25, 28, 64, 90, 95, 114–15, 170–1; change to royalist side by, 3, 126, 135, 230; army remonstrance and, 24, 37; absentee from trial of king, 37, 41; receives Prince of Wales’ pleas for mercy, 59; resigns commission (1650), 84 Fifth Monarchists, 30*, 99, 108, 111, 113, 161–2, 181, 221, 281; Venner’s uprising (January 1661), 249–50 Finch, Heneage, 167, 172, 190, 191, 204, 247, 323; as prosecutor at regicide trial, 213, 219, 220–1, 223, 238 Finch, Lord, 204–5 Fitzjames, John, 92 Fleetwood, Charles, 99, 105, 114, 116, 117, 133, 189, 193; Committee of Safety and, 122, 132–3; Monck and, 129, 130 Fleetwood, George, 213*, 219, 239, 302 Forbes, Sir Arthur, 145, 146 Foster, Lord Chief Justice, 283–4 Fox, George, 108 Fox, Somerset, 93–4 France, 16, 56, 128, 284–5, 286–7, 290, 298, 301; Charles II’s exile and, 9, 14, 70, 78, 263; overtures to Ludlow, 316–17; Charles II’s secret treaty with, 318, 320, 321 Gadbury, John, 186 Garland, Augustine, 38, 239, 246, 302 Gauden, John, Bishop of Worcester, 68 Geneva, 206, 288–91, 297 Gerard, John, 91, 92, 93–4 Gerard, Lord, 91, 92 Germany, 74, 182, 266–7, 268, 269, 272, 274–5, 285, 286, 309, 311–12, 322 Giffen (or Govan), William, 194, 254 Gittins, Richard, 233 Globe Theatre, Shakespeare’s, 268 ‘Glorious Revolution’ (1688), 39, 324, 325 Gloucester, Duke of, Henry (son of Charles I), 51, 55–6, 79, 166, 176, 177; attends Lords’ death list discussions, 203, 210; death of (September 1660), 247 Godwin, William, 193 Goffe, Frances, 286, 308 Goffe, Dr Stephen, 63 Goffe, William, 63, 111, 116, 207; Angel of Hadley and, 1–2, 318–19; escape to America, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for in America, 255–61, 322–3; cave on Providence Hill, 258–9, 261, 306, 307, 319; hides in Milford cellar, 261, 306; revival of search for (1664), 306–10 Goodwin, John, 192 Gookin, Daniel, 168, 202, 309 Govan, William, 194, 254 great fire in London (1666), 313–14 Grenville, Sir John, 95, 126, 128, 150–2, 162–3, 166 Grey, Lord Thomas, 53, 200 Griffith, Matthew, The Fear of God and the King, 156 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, 171, 172, 181, 205–6, 248, 290 Guernsey, 281, 284 Guizot, François, 118, 135, 138, 139, 140–1, 158 Gumble, Thomas, 127, 138 Guthrie, James, 194, 254 Gwyn, Nell, 317–18 Hacker, Francis, 42, 47, 51, 52, 152, 159, 184, 241; execution of king and, 57, 59, 60, 61, 201, 231; placed on death list, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207; trial of, 210, 231, 239, 240 Hadley (New England), 307–8, 309; Angel of (folk tale), 1–2, 318–19 The Hague, 32, 56, 63–4, 71, 75–8, 166, 224, 264, 270, 312, 315 Halsall, Sir Edward, 81 Hamburg, 74–5, 285, 286 Hamilton, Duke of, 83, 185, 204 Hammond, Robert, 20, 25, 26 Hampton Court palace, 19, 20, 92, 93, 102, 108 Hanau (Prussian town), 268, 269, 271, 309, 322 Harnett (or Arnett), William, 81–2 Harrington, Sir James, 314 Harrison, Thomas, 29, 48, 99, 116, 161–2, 181, 182, 207; calls Charles I ‘man of blood’, 20, 30, 221; meets Charles I on road to Windsor, 30, 31, 222; boycotts Cromwell’s funeral, 111; trial of, 212, 216, 217–18, 220, 221–4; execution of, 235, 240, 249 Harrison, Thomas (Governor of Massachusetts), 308 Harvey, Edmund, 237, 238, 239 Harvey, William, 12–13 Haselrig, Sir Arthur, 111, 114, 115, 131, 132, 189, 203, 204, 245; in Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118, 119, 120, 122, 123–4; conflict with Lambert, 120, 122, 123; coup (October 1659) and, 122, 123–4; as leader in Rump (from December 1659), 136, 141; Monck and, 141, 142, 148, 154, 159, 205; saved by pact with Monck, 154, 205; death of (January 1661), 205, 249 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 319 Heath, James, 253 Henning, B.D., History of the House of Commons, 157 Henrietta Maria, Queen, 20, 26, 56, 63, 78, 110, 137, 175, 199, 247 Henry VIII, King, 66 Henshaw, Thomas, 92, 94 Herbert, Philip, Earl of Pembroke, 55, 198 Herbert, Sir Thomas, 27, 30, 48, 54–5, 231–2; funeral and burial of Charles I and, 64, 65, 66 Hertford, Marquis of, 12 Heveningham, William, 213*, 216, 218, 237, 239–40 Hewson, John, 131–2, 182, 207, 232, 233, 268–9, 270, 271; exile in Europe, 267, 269, 322 High Court of Justice, 35–6, 37–43, 44–52; establishment of, 23*, 33, 222, 273; sittings in Painted Chamber, 36, 37, 48, 49; king’s refusal to recognise at trial, 46, 47, 48, 70; see also trial of Charles I Hobbes, Thomas, 70 Holland see Netherlands Holland, Cornelius, 168–9, 181, 207, 289, 293*, 294, 322 Holland, Earl of, 83, 185, 204 Holles, Denzil, 213, 214, 290 Holmby House (Northamptonshire), 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 319, 320 Holmes, Clive, 23* Hopkins, Sir William, 26 Howard, Charles, 117 Howard, Thomas, 263–4 Howell, William, 164 Hulet (or Hewlet), William, 188, 189, 207, 227, 230, 232–3, 234, 239 Hummel, Johann Heinrich, 294 Huncks, Hercules, 52, 59–60, 146, 229, 231, 234 Hurst Castle (the Solent), 18, 25, 26–7, 29 Hutchinson, John, 4, 38, 173–4, 323 Hutchinson, Lucy, 4, 174, 196 Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon: bribery and, 4, 191; Charles II’s sex life and, 4, 211, 282; history written by, 4; trial of Charles I and, 41; on prince’s reaction to father’s death, 63; exile with Prince of Wales, 75, 113; as emissary to Spanish court, 81, 82; links to murder of Ascham, 82; Sealed Knot and, 89–90, 95; Cromwell assassination plots and, 91; negotiations for Spanish fleet and, 107, 108; on John Bradshaw, 111; on situation after Cromwell’s death, 113; ‘masked royalists’ concept, 114; on army crisis (April 1659), 116; on Monck, 152–3; Goffe/Whalley escape and, 167; on welcome for returning king, 178–9; on bloodlust for vengeance, 189; opposes extreme vengeance proposals, 193, 204; ambiguity of deadline proclamation and, 195; daughter Anne marries Duke of York, 210–11, 247; as commissioner at trial of regicides, 213; Harry Marten and, 237; king’s presence at executions and, 240; Dutch authorities and, 243, 265; on Ludlow, 248; gushing praise of king, 248–9; hunt for regicides in Europe and, 264, 265, 270, 272, 277; on Sir Harry Vane, 292; Clarendon Code, 296 Indemnity, Act of see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660) Ingoldsby, Richard, 52, 111, 116, 117, 172–3, 323; pursuit of Lambert, 158, 159–60, 172–3, 184 Ireland, 43–4, 71, 188; Ludlow and, 8, 14, 120, 136–7, 146; Catholicism in, 71, 99, 104, 268, 305; Connaught mass migration programme, 99; Cromwellian police state, 99, 104, 268; coup in (December 1659), 132, 136–7, 146; first arrests of regicides, 145, 146–7; royalist control of (February 1660), 145–7; Irish assassins in pay of Charles II, 266, 298, 299–301, 305–6, 312; sack of Drogheda, 268; Dublin plot (1663), 297 Ireton, Henry, 9, 19, 24, 48, 110, 241, 325, 326; hardening of attitude towards king, 21, 23, 25–6; Pride’s Purge (6 December 1648) and, 27, 28; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7; disinterment and dismemberment, 245, 251, 252 Isle of Man, 203–4 Isle of Wight, 18, 20, 25, 26, 99 James, Duke of York (future king James II): at Edgehill, 11, 12–13; escape to Europe, 32; Ascham as tutor of, 79; royalist uprising (August 1659), 120–1; property of regicides and, 162, 174–5; Parliament gifts money to, 166; arrival in England (May 1660), 176, 177; Council of Foreign Plantations and, 202–3; attends Lords’ death list discussions, 203, 210; marriage to Anne Hyde, 210–11, 247; Venner’s uprising and, 250; Royal Africa Company and, 276; dispatches ships for Vane and Lambert, 281; great fire (1666) and, 313; becomes king (February 1685), 321; Catholicism of, 321; death of in exile (1701), 323 James I, King, 31, 110, 244 Jefferson, Thomas, 327 Jersey, 14, 83–4, 323 Johnston, Archibald, Lord Wariston, 122, 194, 284–5, 286–7 Johnston, Robert, 285, 286, 308 Jones, John, 181, 182, 207, 220, 226, 257 Jones, Theophilus, 162 Jones, Thomas, 257, 258, 259 Jones, William, 168 Joyce, George: seizure of Charles I from Holmby House (June 1647), 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 313, 319, 320; as suspect in hunt for executioners, 186, 187; exile in Europe, 187, 266–7, 313, 319, 320; attempted capture of in Holland, 320–1, 322 Joyce, William (Lord Haw-Haw), 214 Julian calendar, 156* junta, military (Committee of Safety) (October-December 1659), 122, 123–4, 129–33, 136, 190, 191 justice and legal system: independence of judiciary under Cromwell, 39; defendant’s right to silence, 40, 40*, 326–7; The Instrument of Government and, 89; courts of assize, 97*; weakening of rules of evidence for regicides’ trial, 172, 209, 215, 231; Okey/Barkstead/Corbet trial and, 278; legacy of regicides, 325, 326–7; rule of law, 325, 326; freedom of speech, 326; ‘cab rank’ rule for barristers, 327 Juxon, Dr, Bishop of London, 51, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68 Keeble, N.H., 112–13 Kelland, Thomas, 256, 257–9 Kelsey, Sean, 23* Kelsey, Thomas, 314 Kelying, John, 4 Kicke, Abraham, 272, 274, 275, 276–7, 278 Killing No Murder pamphlet (1657), 105–7 Kingdom’s Intelligencer, 176 Kirk, Thomas, 256, 257–9 Lacey, Andrew, 68 Lambert, John: constitutional monarchy proposals, 19, 325; attempt to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; The Instrument of Government (December 1653) and, 88, 326; victory at Selby (11 April 1644), 90; refusal to support Cromwell as king, 105; in final Protectorate Parliament, 114; army crisis (April 1659) and, 116, 117; conflict with Haselrig, 120, 122, 123; royalist uprising (August 1659) and, 120, 121–2, 127; Rump Parliament (May-October 1659) and, 120, 122, 123; Committee of Safety and, 122, 129, 133; leads army north to stop Monck, 129–30, 131, 134; Monck and, 129–30, 142, 158, 159, 160; disintegration of army of, 130, 134; army waits in Newcastle (November-December 1659), 130–1; removed from London by Rump, 143; imprisoned in Tower (March 1660), 149; escape from Tower, 157; widespread distrust of, 158–9; defeat at Daventry, 159–60, 161, 172–3, 183–4, 269; Prince of Wales and daughter of, 164–5; seizure of property of, 175; placed on partial exemption list, 189; placed on death list, 203, 204, 205; king remits execution of, 205, 281; Parliament’s desire for head of, 280–1; imprisonment on Guernsey, 281; trial of, 282–4; pardoned and returned to Guernsey, 284 Laud, Archbishop, 76, 137 Lausanne, 169, 291, 293–4, 302, 303 Lawson, John, 140, 153 Leete, William, 202, 258, 259, 260 legal and justice system see justice and legal system Leiden (Holland), 77, 169 Lennox, Duke of, 29 Lenthall, Sir John, 171 Lenthall, William, 129, 166, 189, 225–6 Leslie, David, 85 Levellers, 20, 39–40, 80, 88, 93, 100, 269 Lilburne, John (‘Freeborn John’), 39–40, 80 Lilburne, Robert, 218, 237, 238, 239 Lilly, William, 186, 187, 319 Lindsey, Earl of, 65, 213 Lisle, Alice, 303, 305, 321–2 Lisle, John, 38, 40, 98, 181, 182, 199, 207; murder of, 15, 303–5, 306; exile in Switzerland, 289, 291, 294, 302, 303–5 Livesey, Sir Michael, 207, 322 Locke, John, 24 Loughborough, Lord, 90, 91 Louis XIV, King of France, 287, 298, 301, 317, 318 Love, Nicholas, 38, 52, 207, 289, 293*, 322 Ludlow, Edmund: A Voyce from the Watchtower (memoirs), 4–5, 14–17, 296, 317; radical politics of, 5, 16, 21, 88, 326; exile at Lake Geneva, 7–8, 11, 14–17, 294–301, 302–3, 313, 322, 323–4; Ireland and, 8, 14, 120, 136–7, 146; military career, 8, 11, 13, 14, 21–2, 116, 120, 123, 136–7, 145–6; political career after civil wars, 8, 88, 114, 116, 118, 123, 136–7, 140, 145–6, 148, 156–7; political career during civil wars, 8, 14, 22, 25, 27; remains in England (April-August 1660), 9–10, 156–7, 158–9, 162, 170, 178, 181, 189, 194, 196, 205; escape to Europe, 10–11, 205–6, 255; exile in Geneva, 11, 206, 289–91; republicanism and, 14, 123, 136, 149, 153–5, 190, 296–7; Lisle’s death and, 15, 303, 305; Monck and, 15, 129, 140, 141, 142, 148, 178, 181; on Charles II, 16–17, 190; trial of Charles I and, 38; boycotts Cromwell’s funeral, 111; army coup (October 1659) and, 123, 136; treason charges laid by Irish enemies, 136–7, 142, 146; contemplates republican uprising (February-March 1660), 149, 153–5; contests April 1660 election, 156–7; distrust of Lambert, 158–9; Coote seizes property of, 162; escapes inclusion on death list, 181; deadline proclamation and, 196; on Lords’ death list discussions, 203; placed on death list, 207; on trial of the regicides, 214, 216, 217, 239; as Stuarts’ ‘bogey man’, 248, 285, 290, 292, 297, 311, 313; on Barkstead, 267–8; in Lausanne, 291, 293–4; on Sir Harry Vane, 291–2; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 296–7, 313, 314–15, 316, 317; Riordane raid and, 297–301; French overtures to, 316–17; brief return to England, 324; death of (1692), 324 Ludlow, Elizabeth, 10, 15, 194, 205, 286, 289, 297, 324 Mabbott, Gilbert, 41 Magna Carta, 31, 46, 47, 326 Man, William, 134 Manchester, Earl of, 147, 164, 213, 214, 230, 290 Mantegna, Andrea, The Triumphs of Caesar, 19 Marshall, Alan, 286 Marshalsea prison, 267, 270 Marston Moor, Battle of (2 July 1644), 18, 295 Marten, Harry, 38, 52, 73*, 196, 239, 274, 280, 323, 326; trial of, 218–19, 237–8, 239 Marvell, Andrew, 192, 261 Mary (sister of Charles II), 32, 63, 247, 263 Masson, David, 118, 156, 170, 177, 192 Mazarin, Cardinal, 128 McIntosh, A.W., 52 Mercurius Aulicus (Court Mercury), 71 Mercurius Britannicus (parliamentary paper), 71 Mercurius Politicus (republican news sheet), 93, 105, 290 Mercurius Publicus (royalist paper), 175, 198, 207, 208, 252, 278 Meyne, Simon, 237, 239 Mildmay, Sir Henry, 38, 184, 280, 302 Milford (New England), 261, 306, 307 Millington, Gilbert, 38, 212–13, 218, 237, 238, 239 Milton, John, 68–9, 82, 118, 169–70, 176, 192, 220, 264, 323; The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 69–70, 79; Eikonoklastes (The Iconbreaker), 79; The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth, 149–50; Brief Notes upon a late sermon, 156; Eikon Basilike (‘The King’s Image’), 192; Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio (in defence of the people of England), 192 Monck, George: background of, 5, 124; opinions on motives of, 5, 126, 129, 134, 135–6; Ludlow and, 15, 129, 140, 141, 142, 148, 178, 181; royalist cause and, 15, 126–8, 129, 133, 138–44, 147–8, 150–1, 165, 166; commands English army in Scotland, 100, 124–8, 129–31; Cromwell and, 124; royalist wife of, 124, 126–7, 141, 144; approaches from Prince of Wales (1658-9), 124–6; Booth uprising and, 125, 127–8; purges army of ‘oppositionists’, 129, 130–1, 135, 138, 140, 152, 201; Lambert and, 129–30, 142, 158, 159, 160; opposes junta after October 1659 coup, 129–31; preparations for invasion of England, 129–31; delaying tactics in Scotland, 130–1; Rump Parliament and, 131, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144, 147, 148; Scot and, 131, 138, 139, 141, 143, 148; invades England (January 1660), 133–6; election of ‘free’ Parliament and, 134, 142, 144, 148; oath abjuring the Stuarts and, 138, 139, 143; purges in London regiments, 138, 140, 152; march to London (January 1660), 138–40; dispersal of suspect regiments, 140, 159; arrival in London, 140–1; letter to Rump demanding elections (11 February 1660), 142; greeted as hero in London (11 February 1660), 142–3; secluded Members and, 143–4, 147; appointed Lord General, 147; protestations of loyalty to Commonwealth, 148, 153; republican proposal to offer crown to, 149; Milton’s letter to, 150; negotiations with Prince of Wales (March 1660), 150–2; pledges loyalty to Prince of Wales, 151; Okey as opponent of, 152–3, 269; bans political meetings in army, 153; subjugates army to Parliament, 153; saves Haselrig, 154, 205; regicide manhunt and, 162, 171; the Restoration and, 162–3, 165, 166; Charles II demands crackdown from, 167; Declaration of Breda endorsed by army, 168; death list and, 171, 200, 205; greets Charles II at Dover, 176; orders Cook’s return to England, 182; animosity towards Whitelocke, 190, 191; ‘gloating’ over surrendered fugitives, 196; roistering and ceremonial (June 1660), 197–8; as judge at trial of regicides, 209, 213, 214, 219, 230, 290; intercedes to save life of Fleetwood, 219; ‘White Plot’ and, 248; Venner’s uprising and, 250; intervenes against Argyll, 254; death of (1670), 323 Monck, Nicholas, 126, 127, 150 Monmouth rebellion (1685), 321–2 Monson, Lord, 196, 280 Montague, Edward, 149 Montrose, Marquis of, 76, 78 Mordaunt, John, 116, 135 Morley, Herbert, 138, 153 Morrice, Sir William, 150, 151, 192, 197, 260 Murray, Alexander, 286–7 Nalson, John, 41 Napper, Thomas, 191 Naseby, Battle of (14 June 1645), 18, 71, 74, 90, 114 navy, 80, 95, 130, 132, 152, 153, 168, 176, 312–13 Nedham, Marchamont, 40 Netherlands: Prince of Wales as exile in, 2, 32, 56, 63, 66, 71, 75, 78, 152, 263; royalist exiles in, 66, 75–8, 100, 262, 263; assassination of Dorislaus in, 77–8, 80, 81, 263, 288; Spanish Netherlands, 78, 112, 152, 178, 182, 195; regicides’ escapes to, 168–9, 182, 187, 215, 243–4; Eighty Years’ War with Spain, 169, 265, 312*; as republican country, 243–4, 265, 312; royalist agents in, 243–4, 252, 265–6, 270, 315; Downing as royalist envoy to, 261, 264–72, 290; Downing as Commonwealth emissary to, 262–3; regicides’ exiles in, 265–7, 269, 270–1, 272, 274–8, 313, 315–16, 319–20, 322; Anglo-Dutch War (1665), 266, 312; Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 270, 275; failed abduction of Dendy in, 270–1; captures of regicides in, 274–8, 309, 313, 320; Anglo-Dutch tensions (1663–4), 302; English regiments in Dutch army, 312; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 312–13, 314–16; attempted capture of Joyce in, 320–1, 322 New Amsterdam, 256, 259, 306–7 New Haven colony, 257–9, 261 New Model Army: Fairfax as commander, 3, 21–2, 24, 25, 37, 59, 64, 230; Cromwell and, 8, 14, 21, 24–5, 84, 85–6, 105, 108, 113, 160, 269; in Ireland, 8, 120, 136; Pride’s Purge (military coup of 6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; trial of Charles I and, 8, 35, 37, 38, 111, 146, 184, 230; capture of king at Newport (Isle of Wight), 18, 23–4, 26–7; seizure of Charles I at Holmby House, 19, 186–7, 196, 224, 267, 319, 320; attitude towards Charles I, 21–2, 23–6, 59; moves king to Windsor (December 1648), 23, 29–32, 33; petitions to Parliament (October-November 1648), 23, 24, 25–6; remonstrance (November 1648), 24, 37; military occupation of London, 26, 27; Lisle and, 40; as de facto power during republic, 80, 83; Lambert attempts to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; military rule during Penruddock uprising, 97; Protectorate and, 99, 105, 108, 113–18; Leveller mutinies (1649), 100; Monck commands in Scotland, 100, 124–8, 129–31; republicanism and, 115–18, 119–20, 122, 123–4, 126, 152–5, 201; coup (April 1659), 116–18; recall of Rump Parliament (May 1659), 118; conflict with Rump (July-October 1659), 120, 122, 123–4; Committee of Safety (1659), 122, 123, 129–30, 137, 190, 191; coup (October 1659), 122, 123–4, 129; Monck’s purges of ‘oppositionists’, 129, 130–1, 135, 138, 140, 152, 201; Lambert leads army north, 129–30, 131, 134; London’s antagonism towards, 132, 140, 268–9; Monck invades England (January 1660), 133–6; garrisons declare for Parliament (January 1660), 134; Monck’s purges in London regiments, 138, 140, 152; Monck’s dispersal of suspect regiments, 140, 159; Rump and London regiments, 140–2; continued hatred of Stuarts within, 152; Militia Bill (March 1660) and, 152; Okey as opponent of Monck, 152–3, 269; Monck bans political meetings, 153; Monck subjugates to Parliament, 153; end of (April 1660), 160; trial of the regicides and, 228–32 Newburgh, Lord and Lady, 30–1, 222 Newcastle, Earl of, 11–12, 147, 164, 306 Newgate Prison, 216, 233–4, 236, 239, 250 Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230 Nicholas, Richard, 307, 308 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 75, 112, 128, 137, 252, 309 Noble, Mark, 162 Northampton, Earl of, 172–3 Norton, James, 251 Nutley, James, 221–2 Oates, Titus, 285–6 Oblivion, Act of see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660) Okey, John, 114, 115, 160, 207, 269; as opponent of Monck, 152–3, 269; exile in Europe, 177, 215, 267, 269; as mentor of Downing, 262, 269–70; capture of in Holland, 274–8, 309, 320; execution and funeral of, 278, 279 Old Bailey Sessions House, 216 O’Neill, Father, 243–4, 265 O’Neill, Daniel, 95, 96 Orléans, Duchess of (Henrietta, sister of Charles II), 276, 293, 298, 306 Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, 91, 120, 128, 135 Owen, John, 115, 149 Oxford as royalist capital, 187 Palmer, Sir Geoffrey, 172 Pamphili, Prince, 295 Parker, Henry, 74, 75 Parliament: Pride’s Purge (ejection of royalists, 6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; lists of regicides and, 10, 167, 171, 174, 180–2, 188–9, 191–3, 197, 200–1, 203–7, 210, 211; factions ready to settle with Charles I, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–5, 27, 45; Presbyterian faction during civil war, 19; Newport treaty (December 1648), 22–3, 24, 25, 27–9, 49, 147, 164, 165, 230; ignoring of army petitions (October/November 1648), 23, 24, 25–6; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104–5, 158, 262, 264; Cromwell dissolves Commons (February 1658), 108; Cromwell’s unelected upper house, 108; final Protectorate Parliament, 114–18; army coup (April 1659), 116–18; secluded Members (expelled in Pride’s Purge), 134, 137–8, 143–4, 145, 147, 148; Long Parliament (February-March 1660), 143–4; annulling of Acts passed since 1649 (February-March 1660), 147–8; Presbyterian grandees in 1660 and, 147–8, 164; Militia Bill (March 1660), 152; Monck subjugates army to, 153; election (April 1660), 156–7; Convention Parliament, 161, 161*, 170–2, 173, 245, 247, 248; proclaims Britain a monarchy (April 1660), 161; Declaration of Breda (1 May 1660) and, 162–4; the Restoration and, 162–4, 165, 166; regicide manhunt and, 167, 170–2, 180–2; gushing adulation of king, 178–9, 248–9; welcomes returning king, 178–9; men other than judges in partially excepted category, 182, 188–9, 193; avenging of executed aristocrats, 199–200, 203–5; Charles II’s speech to Lords (27 July 1660), 201–2, 203; Grand Remonstrance (1641), 225; Prynne and Titus press for further executions, 246; Cavalier Parliament, 273–4, 279, 280–1; Bills authorising more executions dropped, 279; desire to execute Lambert and Vane, 280–1; see also Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660); Rump Parliaments Parliamentary Intelligencer, 175 Peacey, Jason, 73 Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of, 55, 198 Pennington, Isaac, 218, 237, 238, 239 Penruddock, Arundel, 98, 199, 203 Penruddock, John, 97–8, 99, 115, 199, 203, 322 Pepys, Samuel: on George Downing, 4, 261, 266; on Sir William Compton, 90; on Monck’s real purpose, 135; on February-April 1660 period, 140, 142–3, 148, 149, 152, 153, 160; accompanies Stuarts back to England, 166; on trial of the regicides, 219; opposes posthumous dismemberment, 246; on Venner’s uprising (January 1661), 249–50; on Hewson’s death, 271; on punitive humiliation of judges at Tyburn, 280; on Vane’s death, 284, 293; lack of access to king, 321 Peters (or Peter), Hugh, 80, 115, 139, 149, 189, 207–8; as suspect in hunt for executioners, 186, 187–8; trial of, 209, 213; execution of, 235, 236–7, 240 Phayre, Robert, 52, 59–60, 146, 231–2 Phelps, John, 36, 39, 41, 222, 228, 313, 315–16; exile in Switzerland, 289, 290, 293–4 Philip IV, King of Spain, 80, 81, 82 plague, bubonic (1665), 313 Portsmouth, seizure of, 132, 136 Portugal, 78, 80 Potter, Vincent, 237, 239, 322 Presbyterianism, 19, 22–3, 104, 114, 115, 126, 132–3; Prince of Wales and, 84, 253–4; grandees in Parliament (1660), 147–8, 164; established as state religion, 148; Solemn League and Covenant, 148, 176, 250, 253–4 press freedom, 113, 119 Preston, Battle of (17 August 1648), 21 Price, John, 125, 126–7, 130 Pride, Thomas, 27, 28–9, 38, 110, 215, 245, 251; Pride’s Purge (6 December 1648), 8, 27–9, 37, 72, 110, 134, 137, 212, 224; posthumous attainder of, 174, 206–7 Prideaux, Edward, 94 Progers, Henry, 82 Progers, Valentine, 82 propaganda, 71–3, 74, 79, 149; royalist, 63, 67–8, 71, 72–3, 79, 105–7, 137–8, 150, 253, 290, 292, 297; satirical attacks on Cromwell, 72–3, 105–7; regicide executions and, 243, 279–80, 284 Protectorate: introduction of (16 December 1653), 87–9; The Instrument of Government (national constitution, December 1653), 88–9, 114, 193, 326; Council of State (Cabinet), 89, 98, 108; religious toleration and, 89, 113; royalist plots against, 89–90, 91–8, 99–104, 107, 108, 115, 322; New Model Army and, 95, 105, 108, 113–18; police state introduced (1655), 99; war against Spain, 107, 119; early 1658 as chaotic, 107–8; clamp-down on royalists (1658), 108; death of Cromwell, 109–12, 113; public opinion and, 112–13; final Parliament, 114–18; Richard Cromwell resigns as Protector (1659), 117–18; demands for retrospective retribution against, 199–200, 203–5 Prynne, William, 137–8, 144, 150, 171–2, 246, 323; search for executioners and, 184, 185, 186, 187–8; animosity towards Whitelocke, 190–1, 193; zeal during list making process, 193, 245 Public Records Office, 3–4 Puritanism, 5, 68, 99, 111, 137, 149, 164, 187, 213, 268, 328; in America, 2, 168, 202, 256, 257, 261, 307, 308, 323; Ludlow and, 16, 120; Sir Harry Vane and, 22, 99; Milton and, 79; in Ireland, 99, 104*, 120; in New Model Army, 119–20, 126; Stuart legislation targets, 250, 296; Okey and, 262, 269, 279 Pym, John, 273 Quakers, 113, 250 Ranters, 113, 269 Rawson, Sir William, 260 records/sources/documents, 3–5, 36, 247* the Reformation, 31, 35, 288, 326 the regicides: legislation and death lists see Bill of General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion (May-August 1660); escapes to America by, 1–2, 167–8, 182, 202–3, 244, 255–6; royalist hunt for in America, 1–2, 244, 255–61, 306–10, 322–3; Prince of Wales vows vengeance, 2, 73; switches to royalist side by, 3, 5, 158, 172–3, 174; legacy of, 5, 39, 325–8; escapes to/exiles in Switzerland by, 7–8, 10–11, 14–17, 169, 182, 205–6, 288–92, 293–301, 302–5, 313, 324; varied nature/backgrounds of, 8, 326; unidentified executioners, 58, 61–3, 181, 182, 184–8, 207, 210, 227, 229–30, 232–4; revenge fever against in northern Europe (1649-50), 73–8, 80–3; assassinations of (1649-50), 77–8, 80, 81–3, 263, 288; Charles’ readiness to treat with (1659), 121; first arrests of in Ireland, 145, 146–7; proposal to offer crown to Monck, 149; first arrests of in England, 161–2; property of conferred on royal family, 162, 174–6, 180, 190, 245; manhunt for initiated (May 1660), 166–7, 170–2, 180–2; escapes to Holland by, 168–9, 182, 187, 215, 243–4; fugitives’ financial pressures, 169, 266, 272, 289, 294; Ingoldsby’s ‘whining recantation’, 172–3; Tomlinson and Hutchinson escape death list, 173–4; posthumous attainders of, 174, 206–7, 245; escapes to Spanish Netherlands, 177–8, 182, 195; escapes to/exiles in France by, 182, 252, 284–5; escapes to/exiles in Germany by, 182, 266–7, 268, 269, 272, 274–5, 285, 286, 309, 311–12, 322; public animosity against, 182–3; May 1660 arrests, 183–4; king’s personal arrival adds to bloodlust, 189; Charles II’s motives over, 190; ambiguity of king’s deadline proclamation, 195–6; surrender of under deadline proclamation, 195–6, 207, 224, 226, 237, 239, 246, 274; Geneva as base for, 206, 288–91; executions of, 235–7, 240–1, 243, 248, 249, 278, 290, 322; suspended death penalty group, 240, 273–4, 279; attention turns to those abroad, 242, 243–4, 255–6; publishing of last speeches of, 242, 279–80, 284; executions as ‘propaganda bonuses’, 243, 279–80, 284; royalist hunt for in Europe, 243–4, 255, 261, 264–72, 274–8, 284–7, 288, 290, 297–306, 309, 311–12, 320–1, 322; posthumous dismemberments of, 244, 245–6, 250–2; Prynne and Titus press for further executions of, 246; exiles in Holland, 265–7, 269, 270–1, 272, 274–8, 313, 315–16, 319–20, 322; Cavalier Parliament presses for further executions, 273–4, 279; nineteen brought before Cavalier Parliament, 273–4; dispersal of imprisoned men, 279, 302; Prayers and Speeches of the Regicides, 279–80; punitive humiliation of judges at Tyburn, 280; group in Lausanne, 293–4; death plots against Vevey group, 298–301, 302–3 religion: Charles I’s intolerance, 8, 22, 35; Roundhead army leaders and, 21, 23; divine right of kings, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 44, 60, 69, 220, 326; role of bishops, 22, 76*, 297, 326; Newport treaty (December 1648) and, 22–3; Fifth Monarchists, 30*, 99, 108, 111, 113, 161–2, 181, 221, 249–50, 281; the Reformation, 31, 35, 288, 326; Toleration Act (1650), 39; Book of Common Prayer, 66, 250; Anglican Church, 68, 69, 84, 156, 212, 250, 297; Covenanters, 76*, 84, 148, 176, 193–4, 250, 253–4, 284–5; Episcopalian, 79, 119; The Instrument of Government and, 89; toleration under Protectorate, 89, 113; ‘The Humble Petition and Advice’ (1657), 104, 105; Quakers, 113, 250; Ranters, 113, 269; toleration under Rump (May-October 1659), 119; Anabaptists, 130; Declaration of Breda promises freedom of, 163, 250, 292–3; churches for British subjects in Holland, 169; baptism, 212, 250, 296; Stuart clampdown, 212, 250, 292–3, 296; Calvinism, 257, 285, 288–9, 297; Clarendon Code, 296; see also Catholicism; Presbyterianism; Puritanism republican England, 2, 9, 14, 15; see also Commonwealth; Protectorate republicanism: in America, 2, 202–3, 244, 256, 257–60, 327; ‘the Good Old Cause’ term, 9, 87*, 115, 149, 168, 276, 290; Ludlow and, 14, 123, 136, 149, 153–5, 190, 296–7; religious toleration and, 14, 22, 39, 113, 119, 325, 326; Cromwell’s ‘betrayal’ and, 15, 87–8, 99, 111; king’s opponents move towards, 21; Milton and, 68–70, 149–50, 176, 192; opposition to Cromwell, 87–8, 99, 108, 111, 114, 139, 295; Algernon Sidney and, 87*, 295–7, 317, 321, 327; Lambert attempts to save Commonwealth, 87*, 157–60, 228, 269; Sidney’s works on, 87*, 317, 321, 327; final Protectorate Parliament and, 114, 115; New Model Army and, 115–18, 119–20, 122, 123–4, 126, 152–5, 201; in Rump (May-October 1659), 118–20; royalist uprising (August 1659) and, 120–2; coup (October 1659) and, 123–4; secret commission to Monck, 131; public animosity against, 134–5; in Rump (from December 1659), 136; delegation to confront Monck, 148; contemplation of uprising (February-March 1660), 149, 152, 153–5; proposal to offer crown to Monck, 149; desperate attempts to reverse royalist tide, 149–50; despair/giving up of hope, 154–5; symbols destroyed during Restoration, 156, 176; April 1660 election and, 156–7; end of republican era (April 1660), 160, 161; Prynne’s extreme proposals against, 193; in Holland, 243–4, 265, 312; Downing and, 261–3, 269–70 the Restoration (1660), 2, 9; coronation (23 April 1661), 3, 252–3; Presbyterian grandees press for limits on royal power, 147, 164; growth of royalism in London, 148–9; preparations and planning, 150–3; open royalist support in London, 155–6; destruction of republican symbols, 156, 176; process of (May 1660), 162–3; Declaration of Breda, 162–4, 168, 190, 250, 292–3; public celebrations of, 164, 179; restitution of royal statues and coat of arms, 164, 168, 170; as unconditional, 165–6; Charles’ arrival in England (May 1660), 166, 176, 177, 178–9; roistering and ceremonial (June 1660), 197–8 Richardson, Edward, 297, 314 Richmond, Duke of, 26, 65 Riordane, John (or Germaine), 297–300, 305, 306 Robertson, Geoffrey, 146 Robinson, Sir John, 216 Robinson, Luke, 138–9, 143 Robinson, Sir John, 281 Rochester, Henry Wilmot, Earl of, 96–7, 98, 99 Rowe, Owen, 218, 237, 238, 239, 323 Rolle, Lord, 199 Rome, 295 Royal Africa Company, 276 Royal Society, 5 Rugge, Thomas, 150 Rump Parliament (December 1648-April 1653), 8, 29, 32, 33, 70, 73, 100; appointment of judges to try king, 8, 35; satirical attacks on, 72; Cromwell abolishes, 87; ruled illegal at trial of regicides, 223, 238 Rump Parliament (December 1659-February 1660), 133–4, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144; Monck and, 131, 135, 136, 138–42, 143, 144, 147, 148; unpopularity in London, 138, 140, 142–3, 150; Council of Officers declares against, 147; declaration of fidelity abolished (1660), 148 Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118–22, 127, 131, 132, 282–3; army coup (October 1659), 122, 123–4, 129 Rupert, Prince, 80, 91–2, 114 Russell, John (minister in Hadley), 2, 307–8, 309, 318 Russell, John (Sealed Knot founder), 90 Russell, William, 90 Salisbury, raid on (12 March 1655), 97 Say, William, 40, 181, 182, 207, 295–6, 311; exile in Switzerland, 289, 293*, 294; Sidney’s invasion plans and, 312, 313, 315 Saye and Sele, Viscount, 213, 214 Scilly Isles, 14, 85, 95, 281 Scot, Thomas, 78–9, 83, 84, 85, 89, 114, 207, 290; final speech in Parliament, 3, 155, 195, 197; in Rump Parliament (May-October 1659), 118, 123; Monck and, 131, 138, 139, 141, 143, 148; as leader in Rump (from December 1659), 136, 139; as Council of State emissary to Monck, 138, 139; contests April 1660 election, 156, 157; escape to Europe, 177–8, 195; placed on death list, 181, 197; return to England, 195, 197, 226; trial of, 220, 225–6 Scot, William, 182, 314, 315–16 Scotland: Charles I and, 18–19, 20, 21, 23; invasion of England (July 1648), 21; Prince of Wales and, 71, 78, 84–5, 193–4, 253–4; royalist exiles from, 76; Montrose campaign (1651), 78; English invasion of (1650), 84; Prince of Wales crowned king (Scone, January 1651), 85, 193–4, 253–4; invasion of England (1651), 85–6; Monck commands English army in, 124–8, 129–31; Covenanters on regicide lists, 193–4, 253–4, 284–5; trial and execution of Argyll, 254 Scott, James, Duke of Monmouth, 321–2 Scott, Walter, Peveril of the Peak, 319 Scroop, Adrian, 196, 203, 207, 212, 220, 224–5, 245 Sealed Knot society, 89–91, 93, 94–5, 108 Sedan, 252 Sedgemoor, Battle of (6 July 1685), 321 Selby, Battle of (11 April 1644), 90 Selway, Major, 193 Sexby, Edward, 100–1, 103, 106, 107 Seymour, Jane, 66 Ship Tavern plotters, 91–2 Sidney, Algernon, 87*, 295–7, 311, 314, 317; invasion plans, 311–13, 314–16, 317; works on republican theory, 317, 321, 327; return to England and execution of, 321 Sidney, Robert, 32 Simpson, Holland, 228 Sindercombe, Miles, 100–4, 245 Skinner, Thomas, 139 Smith, Abraham, 234 Smith, Henry, 237, 238, 239, 323 Smith, Major, 127 Somerset, Duke of, 213 Southampton, Earl of, 65, 213 Spain, 79, 80–3, 107–8, 119, 128, 152; Spanish Netherlands, 78, 112, 152, 178, 182, 195; Eighty Years’ War with Holland, 169, 265, 312* Sparke, William, 82 Spavin, Robert, 186 Spottiswood, Sir John, 76, 78 St Albans, 24, 139–40 St James’s Palace, 54–5, 56–7, 65 St John, Oliver, 37, 104, 314 Star Chamber, 137 Stephens, Edward, 156 Stiles, Ezra, 319 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 43–4, 48, 59, 61 Strickland, Walter, 76, 77, 78 Stuyvesant, Peter, 256, 259 Swinton, Sir John, 194 Switzerland, 182, 206, 284, 288–92, 293–301, 302–5, 311, 322, 324 Tangiers, 219, 246, 302 Taylor, Jeremy, 68 Taylor, John, Mercurius Melancholicus, 73 Temple, James, 237, 239 Temple, Peter, 237, 239, 323 Temple, Sir William, 319–20, 322 Temple, Thomas, 260, 306 Thurloe, John, 72, 88–9, 90, 99, 107, 193, 262, 264; Ship Tavern plotters and, 91, 92; Gerard plot (1654) and, 92, 93, 94–5; 1655 uprising and, 95, 96; Sindercombe plot and, 101, 102, 103–4; in final Protectorate Parliament, 114 Thynne, Sir Thomas, 157 Tichborne, Robert, 218, 237, 238, 239, 323 Titus, Silius, 106, 245–6, 305 Toleration Act (1650), 39 Tomlinson, Matthew, 41, 52, 56, 57, 60, 146, 173, 231, 233, 234 Tong Plot (1662), 285–6 Toope, John, 101, 102, 103 Tower of London, 172, 215–16, 267, 270, 281, 302 Treason Act (1351), 172, 214, 215, 230, 237–8 trial of Charles I: Cromwell and, 8, 23*, 29, 32, 38, 41–2, 48, 50; judges chosen by Rump, 8, 35; non-appearance of judges, 8, 36, 37–8; debates over purpose of, 23*; legal authority of, 29, 31, 32, 34–5, 46, 47, 48, 70; Westminster Hall chosen as venue, 33, 34; drawing up of charge, 35, 36, 38; sittings in Painted Chamber, 36, 37, 48, 49; preliminary sessions, 36–8; Bradshaw and, 37, 38, 39–40, 42, 45–7, 48–51, 111; first day of, 38–46; as true ‘glorious revolution’, 39, 325; shouting woman incidents, 41, 49–50, 184, 228, 229, 231; charge against king, 44–5; ‘Justice!
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