Ethics

Cover Ethics
Ethics
Spinoza, Benedictus De, 1632-1677
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Note); therefore desire in oneindividual differs from desire in another individual, only in sofar as the nature or essence of the one differs from the natureor essence of the other. Again, pleasure and pain are passivestates or passions, whereby every man's power or endeavour topersist in his being is increased or diminished, helped orhindered (III. Xi. And note). But by the endeavour to persist inits being, in so far as it is attributable to mind and body inconjunction, we mean appetite and de...sire (III. Ix. Note);therefore pleasure and pain are identical with desire orappetite, in so far as by external causes they are increased ordiminished, helped or hindered, in other words, they are everyman's nature; wherefore the pleasure and pain felt by one mandiffer from the pleasure and pain felt by another man, only in sofar as the nature or essence of the one man differs from theessence of the other; consequently, any emotion of oneindividual only differs, &c. Q. E. D.
Note. --Hence it follows, that the emotions of the animalswhich are called irrational (for after learning the origin ofmind we cannot doubt that brutes feel) only differ from man'semotions, to the extent that brute nature differs from humannature.


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